Issues in mental health: Topic Three

Question 1

What is topic 3?

Answer 1

Alternatives to the medical model

Question 2

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 2

Learning through the association of a stimulus which causes an emotional response to what would typically cause a neutral response

Question 3

What did Watson and Raynor do?

Answer 3

They induced a fear of white rats and fluffy animals by associating them with loud noises (something that Albert was initially scared of)

Question 4

How might classical conditioning provide an explanation for phobias?

Answer 4

As the emotional response of fear/anxiety can become associated with a typically neutral stimulus

Question 5

How might social learning theory provide an explanation for phobias?

Answer 5

If a child sees a significant adult with a phobia then they might replicate this behaviour

Question 6

What did Aaron Beck suggest?

Answer 6

That there are 3 main dysfunctional beliefs in people with depression which form a cognitive triad

Question 7

What are the 3 dysfunctional beliefs from the negative cognitive triad?

Answer 7

‘I am worthless of flawed’, ‘Everything I do results in failure’ and ‘the future is hopeless’

Question 8

What did Beck suggest that a person does when they become depressed?

Answer 8

They would seek out information to confirm their negative beliefs

Question 9

Over generalisation is a cognitive distortion, what is this?

Answer 9

Where one unfortunate event is seen as part of a never ending struggle and the cognition is ‘everything always goes wrong for me’

Question 10

What are the 3 faulty cognitions that Ellis summarised?

Answer 10

1) I must be outstandingly competent or I am worthless
2) Others must treat me considerately or they are absolutely rotten
3) The world should always give me happiness or I will die

Question 11

What are Ellis’ faulty cognitions likely to cause someone to feel?

Answer 11

These highly unrealistic expectations are likely to cause someone to feel like a failure and could possibly lead to depression

Question 12

When was the humanistic approach developed and what does it consider?

Answer 12

Developed in the 1960s and considers the uniqueness of humans

Question 13

According to the humanistic approach what does each person have the ability to do?

Answer 13

To be mentally healthy

Question 14

According to the humanistic approach how can a person fulfil their potential?

Answer 14

Through psychological growth with the aim of self actualisation

Question 15

What does the humanistic approach focus on? (in terms of a person)

Answer 15

The individual and their free will

Question 16

What is the key focus of the humanistic approach?

Answer 16

The self and concepts such as self esteem and self worth

Question 17

What will cause mental and social problems in accordance with the humanistic approach?

Answer 17

Anything that prevents our ability to grow

Question 18

What did Maslow suggest to get closer to self actualisation?

Answer 18

That there is a hierarchy of needs we need to strive to meet

Question 19

Why is there little impact from outside sources to determine behaviour (humanistic approach)?

Answer 19

Because we have the free will to pursue self actualisation

Question 20

What is a good course of treatment according to the humanistic approach?

Answer 20

Client-centred therapy

Question 21

What is client-centred therapy?

Answer 21

Where a therapist listens and may make suggestions for the patient to consider about self esteem and their ideal self but the patient must lead the therapy

Question 22

What is the hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?

Answer 22

Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self actualisation

Question 23

What is the first thing a patient has to do for systematic desensitisation?

Answer 23

Build a hierarchy of stimuli which cause them anxiety from the least fearful to the most fearful (e.g. look at a picture, touch the picture, see the real item in the distance)

Question 24

What is the patient taught during systematic desensitisation?

Answer 24

The patient is taught deep muscle relaxation or to imagine themselves somewhere pleasant and relaxing

Question 25

What does the therapist do once the patient has been taught deep muscle relaxation?

Answer 25

They take the patient step-by-step through their hierarchy of fear at each stage using the relaxation techniques until the patient no longer feels anxious

Question 26

Where can the patient apply their newly learnt responses (systematic desensitisation)?

Answer 26

To real life settings to demonstrate that their phobia has been removed

Question 27

What happens during flooding?

Answer 27

The feared object is presented directly to the patient

Question 28

How does flooding work?

Answer 28

The fear response caused by adrenaline is not sustainable and will eventually calm down and then that feeling of calm can be associated with the feared object

Question 29

Why does flooding not always work?

Answer 29

Because the initial panic may reinforce the phobia

Question 30

What is the ‘B’?

Answer 30

Beliefs (about stimulus)

Question 31

What is the ‘C’?

Answer 31

Consequences (actions to avoid stimulus)

Question 32

What is the ‘D’?

Answer 32

Disputing (questioning irrational beliefs)

Question 33

What is the ‘E’?

Answer 33

Effects (restructured thoughts to help the person to cope)