Criminal: Topic Five Flashcards
What is topic five?
Prevention of crime
What is the key research?
Wilson and Kelling
What did Wilson and Kelling look into?
The police and neighbourhood safety: broken windows
What did Newman look into?
Defensible space
What did Newman investigate?
How the physical design of housing can be used to reduce crime
What are the names of the 2 communities in NY that Newman compared?
Van Dyke and Brownsville
Describe the features of Van Dyke
Higher crime rates
High rise buildings
Describe the features of Brownsville
Lower crime rates
Low rise buildings with communal areas
Give the reasons why Brownsville had lower crime?
Because courtyards had greater surveillance and residents took more care of them, also, more children played outside with their parents watching which gave a bigger sense of community
What are the 4 factors in creating defensible space?
Zone of territorial influence, opportunity for surveillance, image and milieu
What did Bratton look create?
The zero tolerance policy in NY
How did Bratton try to reduce disorder in NY?
By sending 8-10 officers into the subway to arrest 10-20 faredodgers to show that ‘easy’ crimes were a new focus for the police
What did Bratton also do to help reduce crime in NY?
He took on 7000 extra officers who conducted sweeps and arrested people for minor offences
How much did crime fall by during the time of the 0 tolerance policy?
22%
What other factors may have contributed to the reduction in crime in NY? (Bratton)
The removal of lead in petrol and paint and other policies developed to reduce crime in the USA
What did Brown look into?
CCTV in town centres
What did Brown collect statistics of?
Crime before and after the introduction if CCTV
Which places did Brown collect statistics from?
Birmingham, Newcastle and Kings Lynn
What did Brown find from the statistics?
That burglaries had been reduced by 56% and CD by 34% in Newcastle
What did Burrows say which contrasts Brown’s findings?
That CCTV simply displaces crime to another place where there is no CCTV
What evidence is there that CCTV only displaces crime?
That in the underground crime fell by 38% but in the surrounding area only by 25% suggesting that the crime had merely been displaced
What did Ernest-Jones look into?
The effect of eyes on a poster
What type of behaviour were Ernest-Jones’ posters trying to prevent?
Littering in a uni cafeteria
What did the research by Ernest-Jones find?
A 50% reduction in littering in the presence of a poster featuring eyes, as compared to flowers
