Issues In Mental Health

Question 1

Name the four historical views

Answer 1

-supernatural
-humorism
-psychoanalysis
-somatogenic hypothesis

Question 2

Describe the supernatural view

Answer 2

Mental health conditions were due to devils that needed to be released from the body

Question 3

What was a treatment for the supernatural view

Answer 3

Trepanning- drilling a hole into the skull to allow the demons to escape

Question 4

Describe the humorism view

Answer 4

Mental issues were a result of unbalanced bodily fluids (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile) in a person since mental is a response to physical

Question 5

What is a treatment for the humorism view

Answer 5

Bloodletting- cutting veins causing blood to leave body to restore the balance

Question 6

Describe the psychoanalysis view

Answer 6

Mental illness is caused by psychological factors within unconscious mind so would require help to access the issue

Question 7

What is a treatment for the psychoanalysis view

Answer 7

Psychoanalysis- talking therapy to connect with the unconscious mind

Question 8

Describe the somatogenic view

Answer 8

Mental illness was due to brain disruption, neurotransmitter levels focus

Question 9

What is a treatment in the somatogenic view

Answer 9

Electronvulsive therapy- electron current in the brain

Question 10

Define abnormality

Answer 10

-deviation from social norms by not abiding by social behaviours
-failure to function adequately as not holding a job, relationship, money, interact effectively

Question 11

Evaluate the definitions of abnormal

Answer 11

-deviation-
can lead to political control to section people
legal systems introduce new laws preventing deviation
era dependant since dif gen have dif views
ethnocentrism as dif cultures will have dif view
-failure to dunction-
may represent normal behviour if disabled ect
ethnocentric as may look dif in dif cultures

Question 12

What two manuals are used to categorise mental health issues

Answer 12

DSM- united states
ICD- united kingdom

Question 13

What is the issue of the two main diagnostic manuals

Answer 13

lack of scientific objectivity
ethnocentric

Question 14

Evaluate the validity of diagnosing mental disorders

Answer 14

-language barriers can led to misdiagnosis
-stigma on mental health can lead to no diagnosis
-cultural relativism/ ethnocentrisims as dif cultures diagnose dif
-gender biases as open to interpretation to diagnose same symptons in male or female

Question 15

Evaluate the reliability of diagnosing mental disorders

Answer 15

Consistency if it can produce similar results when used again
inter-rater reliability between two psychologists
test-retest seeing does the same person consistently receive the same diagnosis over time

Question 16

State aim, research method and participants of Rosenhans study

Answer 16

test hyp that psychiatrists cannot reliably tell the difference between sane and insane
Field study in naturalistic env using participant observation
12 psychiatric hospitals across 5 states in america
sending 8 pseudo patients

Question 17

Explain procedure 1 and 2 of Rosenhans study

Answer 17

pt1- pseudo patients admit themselves to hospital giving false name and job with same symptoms of hearing voices saying “thud, hallow, empty” linking to existential symptoms, all other life experiences kept same. patients had to leave hospital on their own means. when admitted they drop all acts of insanity, saying no longer had the symptoms. wrote notes of their observation
pt2- hospital though pseudo patients were coming so rated each patient as if they were sane or insane

Question 18

What shows the reliability and validity of diagnostic testing in rosenhans study

Answer 18

all symptoms given by pseudo patients were not at all mentioned in the DSM, so the disorders given as schizophrenia and bipolar had not one clear symptom indicating they had it, showing diagnosing is not valid since DSM does not accurately measure what its set out since misdiagnosed
7 patients were given schizophrenia and 1 given bipolar diagnosis, shows unreliability since all has same symptoms but the diagnosis not the same so not consistent diagnosis, showing how diagnosing is subjective and open to interpretation

Question 19

What was the average amount of days pseudo patients stayed in the hospitals

Answer 19

19 day on everage

Question 20

Explain the effect of being diagnosed linking to mental health after leaving the hospital

Answer 20

the stickiness of labels shown as even once able to leave they are labeled as schizophrenic in remission

Question 21

Explain how others saw the sanity

Answer 21

other insane patients recognised the pseudo patients as sane and yet the staff trained did not recognise it, shows the low level of recognition of their patients

Question 22

Explain events showing the stickiness of labels within the hospital

Answer 22

pseudo patients normal behaviour was seen as aspects of their illness
pacing due to bordem= nervous behaviour
having a notebook= engaging in writing behaviour
waiting for lunch= oral acquisitive syndrome

Question 23

Explain how Rosenhan compares the groups results

Answer 23

To see if the response to a simple question is affected by the percieved characteristics of the person asking.
university- all requests were acknowledged + responded
hospital- ignored + felt invisible, rarely stopped leading to depersonalisation

Question 24

What did the pseudo patients notice about staff behvaiour

Answer 24

10% of time was spent with patient 90% stayed in ward office
medical staff pent under 7 minutes a day
cleaners would be physically aggressive and swear in full view of patients
no doors on bathrooms
other patients medication flushed down toilet

Question 25

Give quantitative data from Rosenhans study

Answer 25

num of patients suspected wrongly by one psychiatrist and one other staff member- 19 people

Question 26

Give a conclusion for Rosenhans study

Answer 26

Psychiatrist are unable to reliably identify sane pseudo patients Psychiatrist fail to reliably detect insanity within insane environment all behaviour is perceived as a distorted manner, giving stickiness of label

Question 27

Define anxiety, affective and psychotic disorders

Answer 27

anxiety- continuous feeling of fear which has a negative impact on daily life affective- illness effecting mood on a persistant way psychotic- losing contact with reality

Question 28

Define anxiety

Answer 28

anticipation of a future concern and is associated with muscle tension and avoidant behaviours

Question 29

Give some characteristics of an anxiety disorder

Answer 29

situation is age inappropriate hinder ability to function normallu provokes immediate anxiety high level of persistant distress

Question 30

how long must the characteristics of an anxiety disorder be present for

Answer 30

6 months or more

Question 31

Define depression disorder

Answer 31

illness that negatively effects how you feel, think and act

Question 32

Give some characteristics of depression

Answer 32

-depressed mood -loss of interest of once enjoyed activities change in appetite trouble in sleep loss of energy + fatigue difficulty thinking negative thoughts feeling guilty

Question 33

How long must characteristics of depression be prevalent for

Answer 33

2 weeks, patient must display 5 symptoms at least 1 must be main

Question 34

Define schizophrenia disorder

Answer 34

brain disorder causing hallucinations trouble thinking and emotions

Question 35

Give some characteristic of schizophrenia

Answer 35

positive (in addition to normal situation)- hallucinating auditory or visual, paranoid delusions negative (loss of normal function) - decrease in ability to express emotion Disorganisation- confused thinking or speech, trouble with logic impaired congnition- problems with attention, concentration or memory

Question 36

Define biomedical model Define biochemical model

Answer 36

medical- biological reasons for mental disorders, assumes mental disorder can be understood as illness in the same as physical, chemical- chemical reasons for mental disorders in neurotransmitters become imbalanced

Question 37

What are the two chemical explanations for mental disorders

Answer 37

the monoamine hypothesis of depressions the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

Question 38

What are the three biomedical explanation for mental disorders

Answer 38

genetic explanation for mental disorders brain abnormality and depression brain abnormality schizophrenia

Question 39

Explain the monoamine hypothesis of depression

Answer 39

-after a stressful event there is reduction in serotonin -levels -disregulated dopamine and noradrenalin levels -low mood symptom of depression

Question 40

Explain the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

Answer 40

different parts of the brains are responsible for different symptoms of SZ: -high levels of dopamine in lower areas of the brain responsible for speech, can cause auditory hallucinations -reduced levels of dopamine in prefrontal cortex is responsible for thinking and decision making, this can cause incoherent thoughts or speech

Question 41

Explain the genetic explination

Answer 41

monozygotic twins 58% concordance of having disorder when parent or sibling has dizygotic twins 12% concordance of having disorder when parent or sibling has

Question 42

what does the proof of genetic explanation support

Answer 42

nature-supports biological relation due to concordance rate nurture- not 100% for genetics so environmental factors must play a part

Question 43

Explain brain abnormality and depressions

Answer 43

frontal lobes responsible for thinking have a smaller volume in depressed patients found by MRI scan amygdala regulates emotions which are disrupted leading to symptoms of depressions

Question 44

Explain brain abnormality schizophrenia

Answer 44

left hemisphere of brain does not function properly force applied with the left and right hand, given antipsychotic medication untreated group were weaker in right hand though not in the left (cross lateral) after treatment they were stronger in both

Question 45

Explain the results of gottesman resulsts

Answer 45

risk of developing schizophrenia if both parents had disorder 27.3% - super high risk risk of developing schizophrenia if one parent had disorder 7% if both parents have SZ there is 67% risk of developing another psychotic disorder

Question 46

what is the sample of gottesman

Answer 46

2.6 million people in Denmark both parents with disorder, one parent with disorder, neither parents (control), no data available

Question 47

aim of gottesman

Answer 47

to investigate the genetic transmission of psychological disorders if both parents have the same disorder

Question 48

What can you conclude about the results in gottsemans study

Answer 48

findings provide evidence to support the genetic explanation of mental illness. useful and informative

Question 49

Evaluate gottsemans study in Generalisibilty, reliability and ethics

Answer 49

ethnocentric- sample only from Denmark, so not rep of other cultures, we don't know the impact of genetics in other countries large sample- 2.6 million so representative of Denmark quantitative data incr ext, use of data base can be checked for consistency in future, doesn't break any ethical guidelines. socially sensitive exploring reasons for mental health

Question 50

Link debates to gottesmans study

Answer 50

nature/nurture= both indiv/sit=both determinism= genetics are inherited reductionism= doesn't take into account env, behaviour is simplified to genetics psych as science= quant, advanced tech, brain scans, objective useful= genetic counsellers, ethno so limited

Question 51

Explain biological treatments for schizophrenia

Answer 51

-ECT therapy, electrodes placed on head and shock to decrease blood flow and metabolism in temporal lobes, reactivates certain areas of the brain -Drug therapy, chemo, assuming there is a chemical imbalance in brain

Question 52

Give evaluation of biological treatments for schizophrenia

Answer 52

ECT: effective treatment, quicker than drugs unethical, protection from harm, side effects, memory loss, traumatic Drug therapy: effective treatment, prevents being institutionalised dependant on medical regime, unethical as doesn't help patient just reduces symptoms

Question 53

What is the behaviourist approach and its link to mental illness

Answer 53

we are all born as blank slates, all behaviour is learnt through classical conditioning, opernat and social learning theory all mental illnesses are learnt and maintained and reinforced

Question 54

What is the cognitive approach and its link to mental illness

Answer 54

the human mind is like a computer, inputing information, processing and outputting behaviour all mental illness are result of faulty processing

Question 55

What is the psychodynamic approach and its link to mental illness

Answer 55

all behaviour stems from early childhood experiences, as our thoughts and feelings are influenced by our unconscious mind mental illness is influenced due to trauma

Question 56

Explain classical conditioning (equations) -behviourist

Answer 56

before learning----> unconditioned stimulus gives natural response during leaning -----> unconditioned stimulus + neutral stimulus gives unconditioned response after learning ------> conditioned stimulus gives conditioned response this can cause phobias

Question 57

explain operant conditioning -behviourist

Answer 57

humans learn by consequence and reinforcement when a person gambles and wins it will be habit

Question 58

Explain maintaining disorders -behviourist

Answer 58

negative reinforcement is removal of distressing experience so if someone avoids their phobia it is never dealt with, so reinforces their phobia

Question 59

What theory did Beck put forward -cognitive

Answer 59

negative cognitive triad -ve view on self, on world and future occurs in a person with depression during faulty processing cognitive approach

Question 60

Explain a psychodynamic explanation for behaviours

Answer 60

unconscious memories and feelings we have will manifest into abnormal behaviours and personality disorders

Question 61

Explain unresolved conflicts -psycho dynamic

Answer 61

unconscious feelings arise from unresolved conflicts experienced as a child id ego super ego will have effect in behviours too muhc

Question 62

Explain cold rejecting mothers -psychodynamic

Answer 62

treatment causes an ineffective ego so id cant be controlled, id takes over leading to a loss of contact with reality as the person doesn't know difference between reality and fantasies as they return to a child like state when older link to schizophrenia

Question 63

Explain the key points of szasz research

Answer 63

-fifty years of change in mental health -mental or legal concept -perspective on human life -MI in eye of beholder -MI doesnt make them a patient

Question 64

What are the conclusions of szasz research

Answer 64

psychiatry is a pseudoscience MI is a myth MI is now a legal concept as gov funded MI is in eye of beholder people should have right and liberty of their own lives, be active players over 5o years more medicalised + politicised there are alternatives to medical model

Question 65

Evaluate szazs work

Answer 65

no data from participants so free from ethical issues. his beliefs about mental illness controversial and socially sensitive. MI is in social context so nurture and situational debates holism, looking at whole person not just genetics unscientific free will all people should be active players in their life usefulness in academic knowledge

Question 66

Explain a non biological treatment for one disorder

Answer 66

systematic desensitisation for phobias aim to gradually get the individual to face their phobias, replacing their fear response with calmness stage 1- deep relaxation: breathing tech + imagery stage 2- told to imagine situation that create anxiety, forming hierarchy stage 3- exposure to hierarchy using relaxation tech before proceeding further

Question 67

Support the non biological treatment

Answer 67

little girl with specific fear of loud noises, did the three stages, her ratings changed on final session: 7 to 3 for balloons and for 9 to 3 for party poppers effective treatment for phobias