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Psychology Paper 3 Content > Issues & Debates > Flashcards

Issues & Debates Flashcards

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1
Q

What is universality when applied gender?

A

Means that all research is assumed to apply equally to both genders

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2
Q

In what ways can gender bias can occur?

A

-All male samples= Research conducted on all male samples and this is not made clear in the
subsequent report

-Male behaviour is seen as standard= Behaviour of women if different is seen as atypical(Androcentrism0

-Emphasis on Biological Differences= Explanations for behaviour that emphasise the biology of the individual also underemphasise social and external factors

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3
Q

What is Androcentrism?

A

The stance that the behaviour of men is taken as the norm and the behaviour of women if differs is seen as atypical

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4
Q

What is alpha bias?

A

Attempt is the attempt to exaggerate the differences between the genders

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5
Q

Beta Bias?

A

Is an attempt to downplay the differences between the genders.

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6
Q

What is the definition of Universality in terms of culture?

A

The assumption that in some research the findings of their study will generalise globally.

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7
Q

What is ethnocentrism?

A

The assumption that one ethnic group is superior to another or all others and that the behaviour of that group is considered the norm.

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8
Q

What is cultural relativism?

A

The belief that is is essential to consider the cultural context when examining behaviour in that culture. There is no global right o wrong, it varies across cultures.

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9
Q

What is Free Will?

A

The ability to behave in the way we want and our actions are voluntary and we have freedom of choice. There are no choice from the options available.

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10
Q

What is Determinism?

A

Idea that there is no control or choice on our course of action. Determination of our behaviour comes from a combination of sources such as biology, learning and thought.

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11
Q

What is soft determinism?

A

The idea that behaviour is determined but that humans also have the opportunity to exercise free will if need be. Acknowledges that determinism exists but that there is also the ability to choose in some circumstances.

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12
Q

What is Biological Determinism?

A

Any form of biological influence on the body

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13
Q

What is Environmental Determinism?

A

Idea that behaviour is determined by environmental influences.

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14
Q

What is Environmental Determinism?

A

Idea that behaviour is determined by environmental influences.

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15
Q

What is Environmental Determinism?

A

Idea that behaviour is determined by environmental influences.

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15
Q

What is Environmental Determinism?

A

Idea that behaviour is determined by environmental influences.

16
Q

Psychic Determinism?

A

Considers the role of the unconscious on conscious thought and how that affects behaviour.

17
Q

What is Nature v Nurture?

A

The debate asks whether behaviour stems from genetics and biology or is it learnt through environment.

18
Q

What is Nativism?

A

The term used to describe a stance that agrees with the nature side of the debate.

19
Q

What is Empiricism?

A

Extreme viewpoint opposing nativsm which says we are born without any innate mechanism and behaviour is due our experiences.

20
Q

In what way is heredity established?

A

-Twin Studies
-QTL- Quantitative Trait Loci
- Heritability Co-efficient
- Interactionist approach

21
Q

What is QLT?

A

Involves the search for multiple genes which in isolation cannot affect behaviour but when combined with other the genetic influence on behaviour is greater. Developed by Plomin (1994).

22
Q

What is the heritability co efficient?

A

Mathematical way of calculating the relative influence of genetics and the environment on behaviour.
V= G+E+(GXE)

V= variance
G= genetic influence
E= environmental influence

23
Q

What is the Holism V Reduction debate?

A

The essence of this debate is to do with explaining behaviour at different levels and which level provides the best explanations for behaviour.

24
Q

What are the different levels of explanation to consider a behaviour in order?

A
  1. Cultural
  2. Socio-Political
  3. Sub-culture
    4 . Social Cognition
    5.Social groups, family ect
  4. Interpersonal Interaction
    7.Cognition and emotion
  5. Learned associations
    9.Genetics
  6. Physiology
    11.Cellular Biology
    12.Biochemistry
  7. Quantum Physics
25
Q

What is Biological Reductionism?

A

Biological Reductionism is explanation behaviour using biological systems. This could could be genetics, physiology of the body and brain or biochemistry.

26
Q

What is environmental Reductionism?

A

Simplifies a behaviour to a stimulus and response action.

27
Q

What is Holism?

A

Holism advocates looking at the whole person rather than at one specific part to explain behaviour.

28
Q

What is an interactionist stance in terms of
R V H?

A

Believes that several levels of explanations are necessary to explain behaviour ranging from more reductionist to holism.

29
Q

What is the idiographic v nomothetic debate?

A

This debates considers whether idiographic or nomothetic approach in psychology are appropriate.

30
Q

What is an idiographic approach?

A

An idiographic approach to research considers the individual. This viewpoint does not seek to generalise to others from research and it believes that an individual is unique and should be considered as such.

31
Q

What is an nomothetic approach

A

This approach states that we are able to draw conclusions about populations of people and generalise to a wider group than the ones directly involved in the research. It seeks to establish general laws about behaviour that can be applied across any given population.

32
Q

What are the three types of general laws in the N approach?

A

Classification
Establishing principles
Establishing dimension

33
Q

What is Classification?

A

The idea that people can be classified into certain groups according to characteristics, attitudes or behaviour. It is the foundation in which diagnostic manuals for mental health are based such as the ICD10 & DSM5.

34
Q

What is Establishing principles?

A

The focus on trying to establish laws and principles that can be applied to human behaviour.

35
Q

What is establishing dimensions?

A

The attempt to document continuums upon which an individual can be placed.

36
Q

Ethical Implications of Research Studies

A
37
Q

What is social sensitivity?

A

Refers to any psychological research that has wider ethical implications that impact outside of the research context as it could affect people or groups in society.

38
Q

What groups or people can be affected by social sensitivity?

A
  • The participants of the research as well as their friends or family.
  • The researcher may be affected as well as their institution
  • Groups potentially impacted include sub-cultures and sub-groups.

Psychology Paper 3 Content (4 decks)

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