Issues and debates Flashcards
What is universality and it effects
A characteristic of humans that can be applied to everyone. Biases affect universality
Gender bias
Tendency to treat an individual or group of people different based on biological sex
Androcentrism
Saying that male behaviour is “Normal” and
female behaviour is deemed as less important in comparison
Alpha bias
Exaggerates the differences between men and women
Beta bias
focuses on the similarities between men and women and undermine the differences between the two of them
An example of Alpha bias
Freud(1905) psychosexual development, phallic stage features desire for opposite gender parent. When women identify with their same-sex parent the identification is weaker weaker superego therefore women are weaker to men
An example of beta bias & research
Research into flight or flight response, says that both males and female undergo the same response. Research has suggested (Shelley Taylor et al) that women produce oxytocin love hormone more than men and instead of flight and flight they tend and befriend(look to help)
Androcentrism development
Psychology develop around men in the 20th century the top 100 psychologists only has 6 women. Women behaviour out of the ordinary was deemed as hysterical and a sign of illness
Cultural bias
Looking at all phenomena through the perspective of ones own culture
Ethnocentrism
judging others actions by ones own culture and beliefs which may lead to prejudice and discrimination
Cultural relativism
Idea that norms, values, ethics and moral standings can only be meaningful and understood within social contexts
Universality (Culture) studying culture
Similar issue of bias arrives with culture, joseph Henrich et al(2010). Studied many psychology journals and found most of them were WERID- Westernised, Educated from industrialised, rich democracies. People that aren’t WEIRD are deemed as abnormal or inferior
Ethnocentrism research
Ainsworth and Bell strange situation westernised ideal is that babies should be secure attached and are somewhat abnormal if they do not comply to this norm. Cultures like Japan have a higher level of insecure attachment due to the fact that the babies are barely separated from their mothers
Cultural relativism research
Berry has developed Etic- Looking at behaviour from outside cultural context whilst Emic looks inside the culture
Ainsworth& berry used imposed etic on strange situation study
