Attachment

Question 1

What is reciprocity `

Answer 1

When babies and carers take turns in interaction with one another as a stimulating social interation

Question 2

What are alert phases and study involved

Answer 2

When a baby sends of signals that it is ready for interaction. Carers pick of babies 2/3rd of the time in their alert phases, this can be verbal signal or facial expressions

Question 3

What is active involvement

Answer 3

The idea that both the parent and baby have to put in an effort to interact with one another as one person responds to another in a “Dance” Berry(1975)

Question 4

What is interactional synchrony

Answer 4

When the baby/carer mirrors the actions or emotions of each other. Starts at around 2 weeks old 1977 meltzoff and moore study independtly analysed films of baby interaction and determined it was mirroring the carer

Question 5

What is the of reciprocity and synchrony for attachment

Answer 5

Isabella et al detemined that the better quality of play between baby higher the level of attachment between mother and baby

Question 6

Evaluation ideas for research into caregiver-infant interaction

Answer 6

Strength- Research on baby done in a lab so other distractions can be minimised, also inter-rater reliability since findings were recorded
Limitation- Hard to observe babies behaviour
Limitation- doesn’t tell us developmental importance can justify the behaviours but not what they mean or their developmentary affects

Question 7

What are the stages of attachment

Answer 7

Asocial- first few weeks the baby is attracted toward humans and inanimate objects with a a preference to humans with no specific attachments
Indiscriminate - 2/7 months have much higher preference for humans and recognise some familiar people. Don’t show stranger anxiety or separation anxiety either
Specific attachement- at around 7 months they show signs of attachment toward one person(primary attachment figure) who responds to babies signals anxiety around strangers
Multiple attachments:
After one attachment is formed they started to show favourable attachments to other people usually family(29% of children formed a secondary attachments within months of the primary)

Question 8

Shchaffer and emerson research into attachment

Answer 8

31 boys and 29 girls of working class families as babies grwe. Researcher visited every month and saw the behaviours babies made when the adult left the room to test seperatiion anxiety

Question 9

stages of attachment eval

Answer 9

+scheffer and emerson has good external validtiy, babies behaviours were observed by parents so they acted naturally and gives results validity
-limitation of schaffer & emerson validity of assesment, real signs of anxiety may be shown in other subtle unnoticable ways from the baby no way to tell if they are not actually social
+real world application for childrens daycare, knowing unfamilar adaults may be problematic certain adults can be repeatitvely used

Question 10

children attachment to fathers

Answer 10

Primary attachment figure is most likely the mother Schaffer and emerson research showed at at 7 month 3% of cases were solely attached to the father and 27% joint attached with the mother but they go on to become imporant/ secondary attachment figures 75% of the time

Question 11

When do babies form attachment with fathers

Answer 11

around 18 months, showed when babies cried upon fathers exit

Question 12

Distictive role of the father

Answer 12

Klaus grossman 2002 did a longitudial study of babies until their teens. Looked at partents behaviour and affect on later behaviours. Quality of attachment with mother had more important effect on later life relationship, but quality of fathers play affected the quality of relationships suggesting fathers play a different role in development

Question 13

Fathers as primary attachment figure and study

Answer 13

Evidence suggests that when take the role of a primary caregiver they are able to adopt the emotional role associated with mothers. Tiffany field filmed 4 month babies face to face interactions with pcg mother pcg fathers and scg fathers. The PCG fathers similarly to the mothers took time in simulating imitating and holding the babies as an act of reciprocity and interactional synchrony which forms attachments

Question 14

Eval for role of the father

Answer 14

-Unclear question
-findings may very according to methodology used. Grossman suggests that secondary attachment figure fathers have a distictive role but in situationes like homosexual families where the children come out nromally this doesnt make sense
+Offer advice to parents

Question 15

Animal studies lorenz

Answer 15

Impriting of geese in which were hatched near lorenz with a controll group they followed him instead of the mother also has impact on sexual mating as lorenz peacock hatched with toritoise tried to mate with them

Question 16

Harlows monkeys

Answer 16

16 babys 2 wire monkeys one plane wire with milk other cloth baby comforted by cloth mother only went to wired mother for food. Monkeys followed into adulthood showcase maternal deprivation in which they couldn’t function adequately socially especially wired monkeys they were aggressive and unskilled at mating those who did become parents were aggressive and sometimes killed the children

Question 17

Harlows critical period

Answer 17

idea that attackment has to be formed within a certain period of time if not there could be deprivation

Question 18

animal studies eval

Answer 18

-generalisablity to humans(lorenz)
+real world value for animals

Question 19

Learning theory

Answer 19

Idea that attachment figure is based of the parent who feeds them

Question 20

Classical condiition

Answer 20

Association of 2 stimuli, same responses to both stimuli.
Food acts as unconditioned stimulus and being fed gives pleasure unconditioned response, the caregiver is neutral stimulus that gives no response. Over time baby associates food with caregiver and NS becomes conditioned stimulus which elicits condition response of pleasure

Question 21

Operant conditioning

Answer 21

Learning from consequence
behviour is likely to be repeated if it provides good consequence. Eg babies crying for comfort if caregiver comforts behaviour is reinforced and baby continues. Also acts as negative reinforcement for parent who wants the baby to stop crying

Question 22

Attachment as secondary drive

Answer 22

Robert et al suggests that satisfaction of the primary drive for food can cause attachment

Question 23

Learning theory evaluation

Answer 23

-Lack of support from animal studies eg harlows monkeys acted very differently towards food
- lack of support for baby studies Schaffer Emerson found that mothers were mostly PCG whether they fed the baby or not Isabella et al high levels of interaction synchrony predicted quality of attachment not feeding
+Evidence could be used to develop an attachment

Question 24

bowlby monotropy theory

Answer 24

idea that one attachment is more important than all others in development

Question 25

Social realsers/critical period

Answer 25

Babies have innate cute behaviours to get the attention of aductts to interact with them called social releasers to activate social interaction. Critical period at around 6 months were a baby is more suseptible to form attachments 6months- 2 years after the time its very difficult to form attachments

Question 26

Internal working model

Answer 26

Child form mental representation of thier relaationship with pfg and their later relationships tend to reflect the pcg relationship as well as the childs ability to parent from their own parents

Question 27

Ainsworth strange situation

Answer 27

Controlled observation procedure done to measure security of attachment toward a caregiver done in a controlled lab to observe babies behaviour
judged based on
proximity seeking(distance from caregiver)
exploration and secure base behaviour(secure enough to explore)
stranger anxiety
seperation anxiety
response at reunion

Question 28

Attachment types

Answer 28

Secure- happy explore due to secure base, moderate distress from stranger anxiety and accept comfort from career
in reunion
Insecure-avoidant-do not seek proximity so little reaction when caregiver leavers or stranger anxiety little effect to make contact upon return
Insecure resistant- show high proximity and a lot of stranger anxiety but refuse comfort when reunited

Question 29

bowlby theoy of maternal deprevation

Answer 29

idea that care from mother or mother substitute is essential for phycological development

Question 30

Effects of theory of maternal deprivation on development

Answer 30

intellectual development- that those who are deprived of mother for too long may have abnormally low IQ eg Goldfarb children in institution had much lower IQ compared to those were fostered
emotional development- inability to feel emotion to other people such as guilt or shame which affects relationships and can lead to criminality

Question 30

Bowlby criminal teen study

Answer 30

44 criminal teenagers described as affectionless were interviewed compared to 44 non criminal but emotionally disturbed people
14 could be described as affectionless psychopaths 12 prolonged seperation from mother while in control group only 2 had prolonged seperation from mother.