Issues and debates Flashcards
What are 5 types of determinism?
Biological, environmental and psychic, soft and hard
What are the 3 gender issues?
Alpha bias
Beta bias
Androcentrism
2 cultural bias types?
Ethnocentrism
Cultural relativism
What does Ethnocentrism mean?
Judging other culture by the standards and values of ones own culture
(superiority of ones own culture)
Define culture bias
A tendency to interpret all phenomena through the ‘lens’ of ones own culture
(Ignoring cultural differences)
Define gender bias
A tendency to treat an individual or group in a different way to others
What is a bias?
A tendency
Define androcentrism
Male centred, when ‘normal’ behaviour is judged according to a male standard
(Their female behaviour is viewed as odd)
Difference between Beta and Alpha biases in gender
Similarities and differences
What is alpha bias in gender?
When research is conduced on gender differences, the gap is often exaggerated
What is the difference between cultural bias and ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism is based on viewing ones own culture as superior whilst cultural bias is assuming all cultures are the same
What is an example of ethnocentrism
Jahodas criteria for an ideal mental health
Name 3 ways to reduce culture bias
- Use a reflexive approach
- Diversity in sampling
- Use native researchers with the culture being investigated
What does WEIRD stand for?
Western Educated Industrialised Rich Democrats
Who created the term WEIRD
Henrich et al
Define cultural relativism
Behaviours can only be properly understood in the context of the norms and values the society in which it occurs.
Define imposed etic
Applying a theory designed for one culture onto another
What are the 3 evaluations in culture bias
- Too simplistic
- Led to discriminations against racially minoritised groups
- The idea of a ‘science’ = objectivity and replicability is problematic (not so scientific methods)
How does alpha bias present gender differences?
Presents them as fixed and inevitable
Example of alpha bias?
Freuds psychosexual phallic stage
Boys=castration fear leads to stonger B&D identification so stronger superego compared to girls
Example of beta bias?
Fight or flight research done on male animals rather than females due to impact of hormones during ovulation.
The research suggests both M&F have F or F
HOWEVER, later research found oxytocin releases stress in women though ‘tend and befriend’
3 types of determinism?
Biological, environmental (Skinner) and Psychic (Freud)
Another word for hard determinsism
Fatalism
What does hard determinism suggest?
All behaviour is caused by something and we should be able to identify this cause.
Everything we do is dictated by internal/external forces out of out control