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Psychology - Paper 3 > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

1
Q

What is Kohlberg’s theory?

A

The idea that a childs understanding of gender becomes more sophisticated with age due to biological maturation

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2
Q

What is Kohlberg’s 3 stages?

A

Gender identity
Gender stability
Gender Constancy

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3
Q

What age is Kohlbergs gender identity stage?

A

Around age 2

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4
Q

What age is Kohlbergs gender stability stage?

A

Age 4

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5
Q

What age is Kohlbergs gender constancy stage?

A

Age 6

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6
Q

What is sex?

A

The biological differences between males and females

Hormones, chromosomes, Anatomy

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7
Q

What is gender?

A

The psychological, social and cultural differences between men and women

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8
Q

What is sex-role stereotypes?

A

A set of beliefs and preconceived ideas about what is expected of men/women in a given society/social group

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9
Q

Who usually reinforces sex-role stereotypes?

A

Parents, peers, the media and other institutions like school

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10
Q

What is the main issue of sex-role stereotypes?

A

Creates sexist assumptions

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11
Q

What happened to chromosomes in Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

+ one X chromosome
Becomes XXY
Affects 1/600

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12
Q

What happened to chromosomes in Turner’s syndrome?

A

The removal of an X chromosome
Becomes X0
Affects 1/5000

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13
Q

What is Androgyny?

A

Displaying a balance of masculine and feminine characteristics in ones personality

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14
Q

What is Bem’s Sex Role Inventory?

A

60 characteristics split into 3 categories of feminine, masculine and neutral.

Responders rated themselves on a 7 levelled likert rating scale

Then results placed them into a grid, with categories
Feminine, Masculine - Androgynous, Undifferentiated

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15
Q

Name 4 physical characteristics of kleinfelter’s syndrome

A
  • Long gangy limbs
  • reduction in body hair
  • Underdeveloped genitals
  • Gynaecomastia
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16
Q

Name 4 physical characteristics of Turner’s syndrome

A
  • Webbed neck
  • High waist to hip ratio
  • No menstrual cycle
  • Physically immature
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17
Q

Name 3 psychological characteristics of Turner’s syndrome

A
  • Higher than average reading abilities
  • Poor maths, visual, spatial task performance
  • Trouble fitting in
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18
Q

Name 3 psychological characteristics of klinefelter’s syndrome

A
  • poor response to stressful situations
  • Memory, language, reading abilities problem solving issues
  • Lack of interest in sexual activity
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19
Q

A research support into atypical chromosome patterns?

A

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Australian study, 87 participants with klinefelter’s syndrome

Those of them identified and treated at a young ages benefited significantly compared to those diagnosed at adulthood

Research in this area can lead to positive outcomes for these individuals

An example of social sensitivity research that can benefit the quality of life

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20
Q

What are 2 limitations of research into atypical chromosome patterns?

A

EXTERNAL FACTORS
social factors may play a role in their behaviour differences
They may be treated differently therefore the idea that their behaviour is based on purely nurture is arguable (PSYCH DIFFERENCES)

GENERALISATION ISSUE
These are unusual and unrepresentative samples
Generalisation from these individuals to the rest of the population
Differences could be social rather than just nature, making generalisation even more difficult

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21
Q

What are the 3 hormones linked to gender?

A

Testosterone, Oestrogen and Oxytocin

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22
Q

What is the role of oxytocin?

A
  • CONTRACTIONS causer in uterus during labour (hormone)
  • stimulation lactation
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23
Q

Two influence on gender?

A

media and culture

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24
Q

What was Mead 1935 cultural differences study?

A

Self immersion in societies studying

research on 3 different tribes in pre=-industrialised societies of new guinea

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25
Mead et al findings on culture differences
Arapesh- Equal unaggressive and peaceful Mundugumor - Equal aggression/warlike Tchambuli - Women dominance and influential Males submissive decoration
26
Who critiqued meeds work on cultural differences?
Freeman
27
What was the evaluation of freemans critique on meeds work?
Follow up study found she misled participants - Observer bias - Ethnocentrism
28
What was the Munroes research on culture similarities?
Most societies division of labour are organised on gender roles - Male breadwinners - Female nurtures
29
What is research support as an eval for culture?
Hofstede - Expectations change when women spend more time in workforce (Away from domestic sphere) - Traditional roles are a result of social, cultural and religious pressures
30
How do children learn rigid stereotypes in the media?
SLT identification and imitation
31
Who did research into rigid stereotypes in the media?
Furnham and Farragher
32
What was Furnham and Farraghers research into rigid stereotypes in the media?
TV ads with men in autonomous roles and women in domestic settings Media reinforces these stereotypes of gender appropriate behaviours
33
What are the 2 parts of media in culture?
Rigid gender stereotypes Self-efficacy
34
What was Mira et als research into self efficacy for media?
India gave programme of smth challenging gender stereotypes - Female detective drama (78EP) - Girls who watched were more likely to see themselves working outside the home compared to those that didnt watch
35
What is the link between self-efficacy and media?
Self efficacy can change due to media influence
36
What is the limitation of media influence with gender?
Correlation or causation What comes first? Media confirms gender norms rather than forms them?
37
What is a strength of media influence with gender?
Cultivation theory - More time spent living in the media world, leads to the beliefs reflecting social reality - Bond and Brogas P Correlation between 'Jersey shore' watchers and permissive attitudes to casual sex ( controlled settings)
38
What is gender dysphoria?
Having conflict with feelings of identification with the opposite gender and feelings of discomfort with their own body 'Trapped inside another body'
39
What are the 2 biological explanations for atypical gender development?
- Brain sex theory - Genetics
40
What does BST stand for in atypical gender development for brain sex theory? (s3)
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
41
What are the 2 social explanations for atypical gender development
Social constructionism Psychoanalytic theory
42
What does the psychoanalytic theory suggest about atypical gender development?
Social relationships Male extreme separation before establishing gender identity Motherly symbiotic fusion Steals mothers characteristics
43
What does the social constructionism suggest about atypical gender development?
Society forcing us to choose between 2 options (M/F) led to the GD Clintock - Kwoluaatmual (F to M) Sambia of New Guinea
44
What are the 2 evaluations for the social atypical gender development?
Psychoanalytic theory does not account for BM to F Social constructionism support, more people becoming 'non-binary', cultural understanding changes
45
What are the 2 evaluations for the biological atypical gender development?
Contradicting evidence from BST. BST differences due to hormone therapy rather than GD Other brain differences, Rametti white matter amount similar to identified sex before hormone therapy
46
What is Kohlbergs first stage of gender development? +age
Gender identity 2
47
What is Kohlbergs second stage of gender development? +age
Gender stability 4
48
What is Kohlbergs third stage of gender development? +age
Gender constancy 6
49
According to gender schema theory, when does a child develop a schema?
After gender identity is established (age 2-3)
50
According to gender schema theory, when is their schema fixed?
Age 6
51
According to gender schema theory, what stereotypes are better remembered?
Ingroup
52
According to gender schema theory, when does both in and out group schemas become elaborate>
around age 8
53
2 strengths of being androgynous according to Bem?
Stronger social relationships Higher self-esteem
54
What is the role of oestrogen in females?
Determines female characteristics and menstruation
55
What does oestrogen do to the menstrual cycle?
Hightens emotions and irritability (PMT/S - Premenstrual tension/syndrom)
56
What is oxytocin also known as?
Love hormone
57
what does oxytocin reduce and facilitates?
Stress and facilitates bonding
58
What does oxytocin stimulate?
Lactation - For mother breastfeeding
59
What do both sexes equally produce during intimacy?
Oxytocin
60
Evidence support for testosterone by Wang et al?
Male hypogonadism - Testosterone therapy for 180 days - Many physical changes and increased sexual arousal
61
What are the 3 evaluations on chromosomes/hormones in gender?
- Testosterone support (wang) - Ignores social factors (hofstede) - Reductionist
62
3 evaluations of Kohlberg
Research support - George boy story play dolls (age 4+6) HOWEVER - Bandura found young as 4 felt bad about playing with non gender appropriate toys Degrees of constancy - A gradual process Methodological problem - Bem said best way to measure is through physicalness
63
Research support for GST?
Martin and Halverson - under 6 children more likely to remember gender sterotype behaviours in photographs when tested a week later
64
What does ingroup info do for a child?
Boost their self-esteem
65
Explain brain sex theory for gender dysphoria
Gender dysphoria is linked to brain structure The BST is larger in men than in women and found to be women sized in trans women Suggests BST size is linked to gender identified rather than biological gender
66
What is the genetic factor of gender dysphoria
Coolige twin studies Studied 157 twin pairs (mix of MZ and DZ) for gender dysphoria evidence Found 67% variance of genetic factor inheritability
67
What does the psychoanalytic theory of gender dysphoria suggest?
Family social relationships B males extreme separation anxiety before gender identity established Fantasise of a symbiotic fusion with mother - Leads to the adoption of the mothers identity
68
What 2 types of media are the focus in gender?
Rigid stereotypes and self-efficacy
69
What 2 types of culture are the focus in gender?
Differences (Mead) and Similarities (Buss - Similar mate preferences)
70
What was the study show in cultivation theory?
Jersey shore - Positive correlation between watching and permissive attitudes towards sex
71
In social constructionism what is gender dysphoria viewed as?
A social phenomnenom
72
What was the social constructionism study?
McClintock Sambia New Guinea individuals with a genetic condition that changes their gentitals Puberty their genitals change due to more testosterone Kwolu-aatomol = females then males When exposed to the rest of the world they got judged
73
What country was Meads study in?
Papua New Guinea
74
2 reinforcements in SLT
Differential and Vicarious
75
What is the research support of SLT?
Lloyd and Smith 4-6 month BABIES in half boy/girl clothes when interacted with adults were given clothes similar toys and encouraged in the clothes similar way Gender-appropriate behaviours begin from adults from a young age
76
What other brain structure is in the biological explanation of gender dysphoria?
White matter (Rametti et al) White matter more similar with identified gender than biological one (Studied before hormone therapy)
77
What is the RS for gender schema theory?
Age 6 kids when shown photographs were more likely to remember stereotyped gender photograph a week later than normal random photos
78
Define sex
The biological differences Hormones, chromosomes and anatomy
79
Define gender
The psychological, cultural and social differences between males and females
80
Define sex role stereotypes
A set of preconceived beliefs on the roles and attitudes of each gender in a given society/social group
81
What did Munroe and Munroe find?
In culture similarities most societies divise labour in gender groups (male breadwinners, female homeowners)
82
Cooldige findings on gender dysphoria genetics?
Twin studies gender dysphoria made up for 67% variance rates of genetic factors
83
Who found the other brain differences in gender dysphoria (Eval)
Rametti - found white matter played a role
84
What does ingroup info for a child bolster?
Their self-esteem
85
At what age in GST does a childs gender schema become rigid?
Age 6
86
2 things GST suggests?
Childs understanding of gender changes with age Children actively structure their own learning rather than just passively observes (SLT)
87
What was the Bandura+Bussey counter to George boy story playing with dolls thing?
Reported children as young as 4 feeling good and bad about playing with gender non/appropriate toys Supports GST more where gender appropriate info is absorbed when gender identity is discovered
88
What did Herlihy et al find as a RWA for atypical chromosome patterns?
Australian study 87 Klinefelter individuals when identified and treated at a young age showed benefits in symptom management COMPARED TO THOSE DIAGNOSED IN ADULTHOOD
89
Who created the degrees of constancy
Martin et al
90
According to Kohlberg why does a childs understanding of gender develop with age?
Biological maturation (as the brain matures, so does thinking)
91
Why is does the BSRI have validity
Test-retest reliability found that there were similar scores with a follow up group that was asked to do the BSRI
92
What is a disadvantage of cultural similarities?
Suggests a biological basis for gender influences

Psychology - Paper 3 (4 decks)

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