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Psychology - Paper 3 > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Kohlberg’s theory?

A

The idea that a childs understanding of gender becomes more sophisticated with age due to biological maturation

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2
Q

What is Kohlberg’s 3 stages?

A

Gender identity
Gender stability
Gender Constancy

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3
Q

What age is Kohlbergs gender identity stage?

A

Around age 2

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4
Q

What age is Kohlbergs gender stability stage?

A

Age 4

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5
Q

What age is Kohlbergs gender constancy stage?

A

Age 6

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6
Q

What is sex?

A

The biological differences between males and females

Hormones, chromosomes, Anatomy

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7
Q

What is gender?

A

The psychological, social and cultural differences between men and women

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8
Q

What is sex-role stereotypes?

A

A set of beliefs and preconceived ideas about what is expected of men/women in a given society/social group

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9
Q

Who usually reinforces sex-role stereotypes?

A

Parents, peers, the media and other institutions like school

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10
Q

What is the main issue of sex-role stereotypes?

A

Creates sexist assumptions

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11
Q

What happened to chromosomes in Klinefelter’s syndrome?

A

+ one X chromosome
Becomes XXY
Affects 1/600

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12
Q

What happened to chromosomes in Turner’s syndrome?

A

The removal of an X chromosome
Becomes X0
Affects 1/5000

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13
Q

What is Androgyny?

A

Displaying a balance of masculine and feminine characteristics in ones personality

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14
Q

What is Bem’s Sex Role Inventory?

A

60 characteristics split into 3 categories of feminine, masculine and neutral.

Responders rated themselves on a 7 levelled likert rating scale

Then results placed them into a grid, with categories
Feminine, Masculine - Androgynous, Undifferentiated

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15
Q

Name 4 physical characteristics of kleinfelter’s syndrome

A
  • Long gangy limbs
  • reduction in body hair
  • Underdeveloped genitals
  • Gynaecomastia
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16
Q

Name 4 physical characteristics of Turner’s syndrome

A
  • Webbed neck
  • High waist to hip ratio
  • No menstrual cycle
  • Physically immature
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17
Q

Name 3 psychological characteristics of Turner’s syndrome

A
  • Higher than average reading abilities
  • Poor maths, visual, spatial task performance
  • Trouble fitting in
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18
Q

Name 3 psychological characteristics of klinefelter’s syndrome

A
  • poor response to stressful situations
  • Memory, language, reading abilities problem solving issues
  • Lack of interest in sexual activity
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19
Q

What is a strength of research into atypical chromosome patterns?

A

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
Australian study, 87 participants with klinefelter’s syndrome

Those of them identified and treated at a young ages benefited significantly compared to those diagnosed at adulthood

Research in this area can lead to positive outcomes for these individuals

An example of social sensitivity research that can benefit the quality of life

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20
Q

What are 2 limitations of research into atypical chromosome patterns?

A

EXTERNAL FACTORS
social factors may play a role in their behaviour differences
They may be treated differently therefore the idea that their behaviour is based on purely nurture is arguable (PSYCH DIFFERENCES)

GENERALISATION ISSUE
These are unusual and unrepresentative samples
Generalisation from these individuals to the rest of the population
Differences could be social rather than just nature, making generalisation even more difficult

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21
Q

What are the 3 hormones linked to gender?

A

Testosterone, Oestrogen and Oxytocin

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22
Q

What is the role of oxytocin?

A
  • CONTRACTIONS causer in uterus during labour (hormone)
  • stimulation lactation
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23
Q

Two influence on gender?

A

media and culture

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24
Q

What was Mead 1935 cultural differences study?

A

Self immersion in societies studying

research on 3 different tribes in pre=-industrialised societies of new guinea

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25
Q

Mead et al findings on culture differences

A

Arapesh- Equal unaggressive and peaceful

Mundugumor - Equal aggression/warlike

Tchambuli - Women dominance and influential
Males submissive decoration

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26
Q

Who critiqued meeds work on cultural differences?

A

Freeman

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27
Q

What was the evaluation of freemans critique on meeds work?

A

Follow up study found she misled participants
- Observer bias
- Ethnocentrism

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28
Q

What was the Munroes research on culture similarities?

A

Most societies division of labour are organised on gender roles
- Male breadwinners
- Female nurtures

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29
Q

What is research support as an eval for culture?

A

Hofstede
- Expectations change when women spend more time in workforce (Away from domestic sphere)

  • Traditional roles are a result of social, cultural and religious pressures
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30
Q

How do children learn rigid stereotypes in the media?

A

SLT
identification and imitation

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31
Q

Who did research into rigid stereotypes in the media?

A

Furnham and Farragher

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32
Q

What was Furnham and Farraghers research into rigid stereotypes in the media?

A

TV ads with men in autonomous roles and women in domestic settings
Media reinforces these stereotypes of gender appropriate behaviours

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33
Q

What are the 2 parts of media in culture?

A

Rigid gender stereotypes
Self-efficacy

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34
Q

What was Mira et als research into self efficacy for media?

A

India gave programme of smth challenging gender stereotypes
- Female detective drama (78EP)

  • Girls who watched were more likely to see themselves working outside the home compared to those that didnt watch
35
Q

What is the link between self-efficacy and media?

A

Self efficacy can change due to media influence

36
Q

What is the limitation of media influence with gender?

A

Correlation or causation
What comes first?
Media confirms gender norms rather than forms them?

37
Q

What is a strength of media influence with gender?

A

Cultivation theory
- More time spent living in the media world, leads to the beliefs reflecting social reality

  • Bond and Brogas
    P Correlation between ‘Jersey shore’ watchers and permissive attitudes to casual sex
    ( controlled settings)
38
Q

What is gender dysphoria?

A

Having conflict with feelings of identification with the opposite gender and feelings of discomfort with their own body

‘Trapped inside another body’

39
Q

What are the 2 biological explanations for atypical gender development?

A
  • Brain sex theory
  • Genetics
40
Q

What does BST stand for in atypical gender development for brain sex theory? (s3)

A

Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

41
Q

What are the 2 social explanations for atypical gender development

A

Social constructionism
Psychoanalytic theory

42
Q

What does the psychoanalytic theory suggest about atypical gender development?

A

Social relationships
Male extreme separation before establishing gender identity
Motherly symbiotic fusion
Steals mothers characteristics

43
Q

What does the social constructionism suggest about atypical gender development?

A

Society forcing us to choose between 2 options (M/F) led to the GD

Clintock - Kwoluaatmual (F to M) Sambia of New Guinea

44
Q

What are the 2 evaluations for the social atypical gender development?

A

Psychoanalytic theory does not account for BM to F

Social constructionism support, more people becoming ‘non-binary’, cultural understanding changes

45
Q

What are the 2 evaluations for the biological atypical gender development?

A

Contradicting evidence from BST. BST differences due to hormone therapy rather than GD

Other brain differences, Rametti white matter amount similar to identified sex before hormone therapy

46
Q

What is Kohlbergs first stage of gender development? +age

A

Gender identity 2

47
Q

What is Kohlbergs second stage of gender development? +age

A

Gender stability 4

48
Q

What is Kohlbergs third stage of gender development? +age

A

Gender constancy 6

49
Q

According to gender schema theory, when does a child develop a schema?

A

After gender identity is established (age 2-3)

50
Q

According to gender schema theory, when is their schema fixed?

A

Age 6

51
Q

According to gender schema theory, what stereotypes are better remembered?

A

Ingroup

52
Q

According to gender schema theory, when does both in and out group schemas become elaborate>

A

around age 8

53
Q

2 strengths of being androgynous according to Bem?

A

Stronger social relationships
Higher self-esteem

54
Q

What is the role of oestrogen in females?

A

Determines female characteristics and menstruation

55
Q

What does oestrogen do to the menstrual cycle?

A

Hightens emotions and irritability (PMT/S - Premenstrual tension/syndrom)

56
Q

What is oxytocin also known as?

A

Love hormone

57
Q

what does oxytocin reduce and facilitates?

A

Stress and facilitates bonding

58
Q

What does oxytocin stimulate?

A

Lactation
- For mother breastfeeding

59
Q

What do both sexes equally produce during intimacy?

A

Oxytocin

60
Q

Evidence support for testosterone by Wang et al?

A

Male hypogonadism
- Testosterone therapy for 180 days
- Many physical changes and increased sexual arousal

61
Q

What are the 3 evaluations on chromosomes/hormones in gender?

A
  • Testosterone support (wang)
  • Ignores social factors (hofstede)
  • Reductionist
62
Q

3 evaluations of Kohlberg

A

Research support
- George boy story play dolls (age 4+6)
HOWEVER
- Bandura found young as 4 felt bad about playing with non gender appropriate toys

Degrees of constancy
- A gradual process

Methodological problem
- Bem said best way to measure is through physicalness

63
Q

Research support for GST?

A

Martin and Halverson
- under 6 children more likely to remember gender sterotype behaviours in photographs when tested a week later

64
Q

What does ingroup info do for a child?

A

Boost their self-esteem

65
Q

Explain brain sex theory for gender dysphoria

A

Gender dysphoria is linked to brain structure
The BST is larger in men than in women and found to be women sized in trans women

Suggests BST size is linked to gender identified rather than biological gender

66
Q

What is the genetic factor of gender dysphoria

A

Coolige twin studies

Studied 157 twin pairs (mix of MZ and DZ) for gender dysphoria evidence

Found 67% variance of genetic factor inheritability

67
Q

What does the psychoanalytic theory of gender dysphoria suggest?

A

Family social relationships

B males extreme separation anxiety before gender identity established

Fantasise of a symbiotic fusion with mother
- Leads to the adoption of the mothers identity

68
Q

What 2 types of media are the focus in gender?

A

Rigid stereotypes and self-efficacy

69
Q

What 2 types of culture are the focus in gender?

A

Differences (Mead) and Similarities (Buss - Similar mate preferences)

70
Q

What was the study show in cultivation theory?

A

Jersey shore
- Positive correlation between watching and permissive attitudes towards sex

71
Q

In social constructionism what is gender dysphoria viewed as?

A

A social phenomnenom

72
Q

What was the social constructionism study?

A

McClintock

Sambia New Guinea individuals with a genetic condition that changes their gentitals

Puberty their genitals change due to more testosterone

Kwolu-aatomol = females then males

When exposed to the rest of the world they got judged

73
Q

What country was Meads study in?

A

Papua New Guinea

74
Q

2 reinforcements in SLT

A

Differential and Vicarious

75
Q

What is the research support of SLT?

A

Lloyd and Smith

4-6 month BABIES in half boy/girl clothes when interacted with adults were given clothes similar toys and encouraged in the clothes similar way

Gender-appropriate behaviours begin from adults from a young age

76
Q

What other brain structure is in the biological explanation of gender dysphoria?

A

White matter (Rametti et al)

White matter more similar with identified gender than biological one (Studied before hormone therapy)

77
Q

What is the RS for gender schema theory?

A

Age 6 kids when shown photographs were more likely to remember stereotyped gender photograph a week later than normal random photos

78
Q

Define sex

A

The biological differences

Hormones, chromosomes and anatomy

79
Q

Define gender

A

The psychological, cultural and social differences between males and females

80
Q

Define sex role stereotypes

A

A set of preconceived beliefs on the roles and attitudes of each gender in a given society/social group

81
Q

What did Munroe and Munroe find?

A

In culture similarities most societies divise labour in gender groups

(male breadwinners, female homeowners)

82
Q

Cooldige findings on gender dysphoria genetics?

A

Twin studies gender dysphoria made up for 67% variance rates of genetic factors

83
Q

Who found the other brain differences in gender dysphoria (Eval)

A

Rametti - found white matter played a role

84
Q
A

Psychology - Paper 3 (4 decks)

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