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psychology paper 3 > issues and debates > Flashcards

issues and debates Flashcards

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1
Q

gender bias

what is alpha bias?

A

a view that exaggerates the differences between women and men

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2
Q

gender bias

what is gender bias?

A

resrearch that does not provide for both genders

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3
Q

gender bias

what is beta bias?

A

a view that ignores or minimises the differnces between men and woman

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4
Q

gender bias

what is universiality?

A

conclusions of reserarch that can be applied to everyone

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5
Q

gender bias

what is andocentrism?

A

most research has judged male behaviour to be “normal” and women to be abnormal

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6
Q

gender bias

gender bias A03:

A

social differences:
- most stuidies assume gender differences are biological when it can be social

sexism:
- universities are still dominated by men

publishing bias:
- still infrequently published and less funded which suggests its not taken seriously

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7
Q

cultural bias

what is ethnocentrism?

A

judging other cultures from the values of your own

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8
Q

cultural bias

what is cultural relativism?

A

the claim that ethical practices differ among cultures, and what is considered right in one culture may be considered wrong in another.

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9
Q

cultural bias

what are emic constructs?

A

looking at behaviour inside of the cultural system

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10
Q

cultural bias

what are etic constructs?

A

looking at behaviour outside of the cultural system

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11
Q

cultural bias

what is imposed etic?

A

taking findings from one country and assuming it can be applied universally

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12
Q

cultural bias

cultural bias A03:

A

indigenoeous psychology: researchers become more aware of the bias there has been a move using more native researchers

asch: when replicating aschs study there were differences in individulistic and collectivist cultutres

stereotyping: led to prejudice against other groups

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13
Q

free will v determinism

what is the free will v determinism debate?

A

The free will vs. determinism debate revolves around how our behavior results from forces over which we have no control or whether people can decide to act or behave in a certain way.

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14
Q

free will v determinism

how many types of determinism is there?

A

5

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15
Q

free will v determinism

what is soft determinism?

A

behaviour does have causes but we also have the ability to make rational choices

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16
Q

free will v determinism

what is hard determinism?

A

implies that free will isnt possible as our behaviour is always caused by internal and external events beyond our control

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17
Q

free will v determinism

what is biological determinism?

A

behaviour is caused by our genes or hormones and is out of our control

18
Q

free will v determinism

what is environmental determinism?

A

behaviour is caused by features of the envrionment which cannot be controlled

19
Q

free will v determinism

what is psychic determinism?

A

caused by unconscious conflicts that we can not control

20
Q

free will v determinism

A03:

A

twin studies:
- never show us 100% concordance rates makes it unreasonably to assume that behaviour can be biologically determined

face validity:
- everyday experiences shows that we always have free will from choices we make everyday

legal implications:
- legal systems rely on free will to hold people responsible for crimes

21
Q

nature-nurture

what is nature?

A

influences on our behaviour that is inherited

22
Q

nature-nurture

what is nurture?

A

influences on our behaviour that comes from our envrionment

23
Q

nature-nurture

what is the interactionist approach?

A

looking at the relative contributions to nature-nurture rather than behaviour

24
Q

nature-nurture

what is the diathesis stress model?

A

behaviour have predisposition in our genes but requires an environmental trigger to be expressed

25
Q

nature-nurture

what are epigenetics?

A

refers to how life experiences can change the way our genes are expressed

26
Q

nature-nurture

A03:

A

adoption studies:
- proved useful in understanding nature nurture as researchers can asses the heritibility of charatcersis without children having the same characrtersitics.

real world application:
- can predict the heritability of certain disorders

moral implications:
- discovering genteic predispositions can lead to gene editing by scientists

27
Q

holism v reductionism

what is holism?

A

to understand human behaviour by understsanding them as a whole and not its consitituent parts

28
Q

holism v reductionism

what are levels of explanation?

A

several ways to explain behaviour

  • lowest level: biological explanations
  • middle level: psychological explanantions
  • highest level: social and cultural explainations

lowest levels are considered to be most reductionist

29
Q

holism v reductionism

what is reductionism?

A

analysing human behaviour by breaking it down into consitutent parts

30
Q

holism v reductionism

what is biological reductionism

A

includes the bioloical levekl and explains behaviour through genetics

31
Q

holism v reductionism

what is environmental reductionism?

A

all behaviour is learnt and can be explained through timulus response (conditioning)

32
Q

holism v reductionism

A03:

A

scientific:
- reductionsist approach lends itself to scientific validation

is holism pratical?
- if there are many factors affecting someones behaviour then it is difficult to estabilish the best suited therapy

simplistic:
- using reductionist approach can be too simplistic for more complex behaviours

33
Q

idiographic and nomothetic approach

what is idiographic research?

A
  • tends to be small scale and focuses on individuals and small groups
  • qualitative data, unstructured interviews.
  • focuses on detail and non numerical data
  • more ubjected and interested in individuals experiences
34
Q

idiographic and nomothetic approach

what are idiographic examples?

A

humanistic and psychodynamic due to in depth interviews and therapy conversations

35
Q

idiographic and nomothetic approach

what is nomothetic research?

A
  • aims to create general laws
  • quantatitve data, strcutured questionnaires that follow a scientiufic method
  • numerical data and more objective due to standardised methods that can be replicated without bias
36
Q

idiographic and nomothetic approach

what are nomothetic examples?

A

behaviourist and biological approaches as laws of conditioning were created by skinner

37
Q

idiographic and nomothetic approach

A03:

A

scientific:
- have scientific credibility due to standardised and objective methods

losing the person:
- nomothetic approach ignores the ‘whole person’ concept in psychology

38
Q

ethical implications

what are the ethical implications?

A
  • examines the complications a research could have
39
Q

ethical implications

what is social sensitivity?

A

research that has ethical implications that go beyond the research situation and affect people/groups in wider society

40
Q

ethical implications

what are the three ethical implications?

A

research question:
- how research questions are phrased could influence the interpretation of findings

dealing with participants:
- DRCCPP should all be considered socially sensitive psychologicla research

how findings are used:
- consider how their findings might be used publicly

41
Q

ethical implications

A03:

A

reduce prejudice:
- helps reducef prejudice as it increasing our understanding in certain groups

real world application:
- gov looks into socially sensitive research to inform policies

poor research:
- poor research into socially sensitive reserach can have a lasting impact

psychology paper 3 (4 decks)

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