cog Flashcards

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1
Q

piagets theory

what is schema?

A

a mental framework of the world created through life experiences

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2
Q

piagets theory

what is disequilibrum and equilibration?

A

D: experiencing something we cannnot make sense of

E: to adapt and develop schemas

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3
Q

piagets theory

what is accomocation?

A

creating a new schema when facing a new experience

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4
Q

piagets theory

what is assimilation?

A

adding new information to exisiting schemas

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5
Q

piagets theory

A03:

A

real world application:
- school lessons moved away from traditional style teaching and introduced more activities

social processes
- piaget only focused that learning is an indivdual process, vygotsky argued it was with the help of peers

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6
Q

piagets theory

what are the four stages created by piaget?

A

sensorimotor (0-2yrs):
- children are learning the world through their senses and develops object permanence

pre-operational (2-7yrs):
- children are egocentric demonstrated through 3 mountains task
- lack conservation skills
- begin to understand class inclusion

concrete (7-11yrs):
- begin to conserve and lose egocentrism
- developed more reasoning

formal (11+yrs):
- become capable of formal reasning without distarctions
- can solve problems on a systematic way (pendelum task)

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7
Q

piagets theory

what are the three mountains task?

A

method:
- A child is shown a display of three mountains
- tallest mountain is covered with snow.
- On top of another are some trees, and on top of the third is a church
- The child stands on one side of the display, and there is a doll on the other side of it.

findings:
- At age 7, thinking is no longer egocentric as the child can see more than their own POV
- 4 yrs: reports what can be seen from her perspective and not what can be seen from the doll’s perspective.

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8
Q

piagets theory

what is the conservation task?

A

the ability to understand that a certain property of an object remains the same, despite any transformation that has changed the appearance of the object.

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9
Q

piagets theory

what is object permanance?

A

knowing that an object still exists even if it is hidden.

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10
Q

piagets theory

what is class inclusion?

A

the ability to classify objects into two or more categories simultaneously.

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11
Q

piagets theory

stages A03:

A
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12
Q

vygotskys theory

what is cognitive development?

A

a social process and a child uses ‘experts’ to learn frm

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13
Q

vygotskys theory

what is the zone of proximal development?

A

the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a skilled partner.

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14
Q

vygotskys theory

what is the more knowledgable other?

A

a peer that knows more information than someone else and assists them

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15
Q

vygotskys theory

what is scaffolding?

A
  • the help given by experts to children
  • levels of help is intially high but then gets less as the child learns what to do
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16
Q

vygotskys theory

what are the scaffolding levels?

A

**level of help: nature prompt: **
5. demonstration
4. prepration foir child
3. indication of materials
2. specific verbal instructions 1. general prompts

17
Q

vygotskys theory

A03:

A

application to education:
-principle of scaffolding has been introduced in classrooms

cultural differernces:
- students in china effectively learn in a lecture style classrom
- suggests that vygotsky overemphasised the importance of scaffolding in learning

18
Q

baillargeon explanation of indant abilities

what is knowledge of the physical world?

finish

A

believed that babies lacked the motor skills to find the hidden object or got distarcted rather than not understanding

19
Q

baillargeon explanation of indant abilities

what was the study?

A

procedure:
- 24 babies aged 5-6 months were shown a tall and short rabbit behind a screen with a window

  • familarisation event: shown both rabbits disappearing behind a screeen (meets expectation)
  • expected event: short rabbit passes window and isnt visible
  • unexpected event: tall rabbit is not seen through window but passes

findings:
- demonstrates object permanence

20
Q

baillargeon explanation of indant abilities

what is violation of expectation?

A

to see whether young infants actually have object permanence, based on the idea that infants will show surprise when witnessing an ‘impossible’ event

21
Q

baillargeon explanation of indant abilities

what is the theory of infant reasoning?

A

babies are born with a basic understanding of the real world and we have the a ability to learn more from experience

22
Q

baillargeon explanation of infant abilities

A03:

A

greater validity:
- piaget cant distinguish between the babys distraction and lack of object permnance, baillargeon overcomes this with her VOE she controls this confounding variable

interpretation:
- argued that babies could have been interested for a different reason which shows subjectivity

23
Q

social cognition (selmans levels of perspective taking)

what is selmans perspective taking?

A

develops indepently from physical perspective taking unlike piaget

24
Q

social cognition (selmans levels of perspective taking)

what was selmans study?

A

procedure:
- 30 boys and 30 girls
- asked how they would feel in different scenarios
- holly was told by father to n ot climb trees, her friends kitten got stuck in one
- they were asked how holly, her friend and father would feel if she climbed the tree

findings:
- found different stages in development

25
Q

social cognition (selmans levels of perspective taking)

what are selmans stages?

A

stage 0 (3-6yrs):
- egocentric: does not understand others emotional state

stage 1(6-8yrs):
- social informational: can tell the difference between their pov and others but can only take on board one at a time

stage 2(8-10):
- self reflective: can take on another perspective and compare their own

stage 3(10-12yrs):
- mutual: can look at their pov and anothers at the same time

stage 4(12+yrs):
- social and conventional system: know that understanding someones pov will not always lead to an agreement so social conventions are needed

26
Q

social cognition (selmans levels of perspective taking)

what were selmans later developments?

A

added by schultz:

interpersonal understsnading:
- if we take differetn roles then we can understand social situations

interpersonal negotation strategies:
- we develop sklills in responding to what others think

awarness of personal meaning of relationships:
- being able to adapt our behaviour in different relationship contexts

27
Q

social cognition (selmans levels of perspective taking)

A03:

A

longitudinal study:
- followed children over a long period of time and found that tbheir perspecticve improved

social development:
- important for social development

cultural differences:
- children progressed through the stages according to biological maturity

28
Q

social cognition (theory of mind)

what is theory of mind?

A

the ability to understand what another person is thinking or feeling

29
Q

social cognition (theory of mind)

what is the sally-anne study?

A

procedure:
- a form of false belief task
- sally puts a marble in her basket then when she isnt looking anne moves it away. the child is asked where sally would look for her marble
- 20 autistic children completed the task
- control groups of 27 non-autistic children and 14 with down syndrome

findings:
- 85% control groups could identify that sally would look in her basket
- only 20% of atustic children could answer correctly
- suggests that autstic children have a TOM deficent

older children and adults:
- some studies show that older children/adults who dont have a learning disability can complete sally-anne task
- baron cohen suggested they are not successful in a more challenging task

30
Q

social cognition (theory of mind)

A03:

A

perspective-taking:
- children could just be perspective taking in the

memory problems:
- false belief tasks rely on good visual memory could have a deficient in memeory rather than TOM

real world application:
- helps us understand why autistic people struggle with social interactions

31
Q

social cognition (mirror neurons)

what is the mirror neuron system?

A

they are neurons that activate when observing another individual performing an action

32
Q

what are the role of mirror neurons

A
  • NEURONS THAT WIRE TOGETHER FIRE TOGETHER
  • they are importnant for social-cognitive skills such as empathy perspective taking and theory of mind
33
Q

social cognition (mirror neurons)

what is the theory of autism?

A

ramachandran & oberman proposed the ‘broken mirror’ thoery which suggests that autism is caused partly by a defiecnecy in the MRS

34
Q

social cogntion (mirror neurons)

A03:

A

supporting research:
- lacoboni et al found that MRs are activated when trying to understand intention

fmri scans:
- dapretto found that autisitic children had no activity in the interior fronal gyrus

methodological issues:
- FMRIs and EEGs are used for MR studies but they measure brain activity there for it lacks generalisability