Issue 4 - Effect of Migration and Empire on Scotland Flashcards
How long did Britain’s imperial century span for?
1815-1914
How many people were under the rule of the British empire?
400 million
How many people came to Scotland from all over Europe?
Over 1 million, with a further million coming from elsewhere in the Empire
Where was Catholicism declining?
In the Lowlands until 1830, with people who grew up Catholic marrying Protestant and converting religion.
After 1830, Catholicism had been improving, especially after the Potato Famine. How many priests were in Glasgow by 1878 (bonus: how many by 1904)?
1878: 134
1904: 204
They were brought into places across the Highlands where no local priests were found
By 1841, 5000 Catholic and Protestant teetolers staged a joint march for what purpose?
Advocate an end to binge drinking
Throughout the late 1800s, Catholic Churches became what?
Hubs for temperance organisations, with one in every Glasgow Parish by 1890.
Where was Scotland’s first temperance society founded?
In Greenock in 1829. By 1850s several temperance organisations sprung up in towns across North Lanarkshire.
When was the Hope of Coatbridge Section of the Cadets formed?
Before 1878, and was in existence until at least March 1925, with members having to take pledge.
By 1890, how many teetolers were there in Glasgow?
17,000, many were Italian, Irish and Lithuanian
Which football teams formed?
Irish Catholics
-Celtic FC
-Hibs
-Dundee United
Irish Protestant
-Joined teams like Hearts FC and Rangers FC
In the 1870s, Irish Catholics/Protestants/Lithuanian immigrants became prominent figures where?
Both membership and leadership of the trade unions.
By 1900, Irish immigrants made up how much of the Lanarkshire Miners Union members?
3/4, and by 1911 the majority of the National Iron and Steelworkers Union was made up of Irish immigrant workers.
In 1840 what were Irish handloom weavers involved in?
Heavy industrial action and were a driving force behind Glasgow Friendly Association of Cotton Spinners
What would Orange Order lodges celebrate?
Protestant traditions, ie the Battle of Boyne
What years was membership rising within the Orange Order?
These social and religious hubs had memberships rising between 1860 and 1875.
How many of the Protestant population were members?
2% of the Protestant population, in areas like Glasgow Clydeside
What is a social and cultural factor of the impact of the Empire?
-Depopulation of Scotland, 2.5 million Scots moved away, with more Scots leaving than arriving for many years. TM Devine, a historian, described it as a ‘brain drain’. This effected the Highlands especially. Population increased quickly so it is argued that it prevented overcrowding.
What did missionaries do?
Gain knowledge and info from the Empire, by producing pamphlets and letters for their sponsoring congregations. David Livngstone is an example, who took part in nationalistic pride. Scotland played a part in the ‘civilising mission’.
Who were some women that had a big impact on the Empire?
Mary Slessor - Dundee Mill Worker, moved to Nigeria to preach
Caroline Snadden - Moved to Kolkata in 1925
Carrie Jane - Vice president of the Women’s Christian Temperance movement in Bengal.
Catherine Gordon - Mooved to Kolkata, was a piano tuner and player.
Susanna Bundlow - moved to India as a maid servant to Scottish government officials.
In 1857, the first War of Independence occurred. Letters described what?
The atrocities against Scots, ie in Cawnpore, 120 women and children were murdered and thrown down a well. Glory and bravery of 93rd Sutherland Highlanders at Lucknow. There was nothing about the decades of oppression from before the war.
How did Scottish industrialists make their fortune in the Empire?
-Money was brought back to Scotland
-Glasgow Tobacco Lords were invested in Merchant City Glasgow post 1830
-William Cunninghame had the Glasgow Gallery of Modern Art built in 1778 and operated from 1839 - 1939.
-Andrew Carnegie built over 3000 libraries
-However Scottish workers lived on some of the worst conditions imaginable
-Life expectancy for a man was 45 years
What did Robert Fortune do?
Robert Fortune stole tea production methods from China and took them to India, where tea became a drink for everyone.
What were some textiles and fashions?
Paisley patterned shawls (produced by Paisley), the design for them was stolen from Kashmir shawls in India and Nepal.
What were some products produced?
Meat and Dairy products from Australia and New Zealand in 1882. These products were cheaper. Also some more exotic products such as Camp Coffee, which featured a Siwh soldier serving a Gordon highlander in a kilt, produced by Campbell Paterson.
What was an economic impact on the Empire?
(Hint: Locomotives, Glasgow produced, Biggest manufacturer, demand)
-Trade to the empire flourished
-Locomotives were exported to India and Canada
-Glasgow produced half of Britain’s ships and a 3rd of the trams for export.
-Scotland was the biggest locomotive manufacturer by 1903
-Empire created demand for ships - Glasgow world hub until 1914
What did Robert Napier do?
Began business in 1815 - built many ships including the Black Prince in 1861.
-In 1864 there were more than 20 yards on the Clyde
-By 1870 it was more than half the shipbuilding workforce
-By 1914 he was producing 5th most of the worlds shipping tonnage.
What other jobs were formed due to ship building success?
-brass, copper and wooden fittings
-Furnishings for ships
-Iron and engineering works after 1840
What other products were created due to shipbuilding success?
-beer and whiskey exports
-in 1860 McEwans exported beer in Australia, NZ, India, Canada and South America.
-Tennants was popular in colonies - Red ‘T’ registered for exclusive use in the empire.
How much had Scottish Foreign Investment risen from 1870 - 1914?
From 1870 it was £60 million
by 1914 it was £500 million
What did Robert Fleming do?
Apart of the Scottish Investment Trust Invested small sums in railways in the USA and Canada.
What did Edinburgh firms do?
Opened small investment trusts for working men and women.
What are some examples of reliance in the Empire?
-India supplied cotton, jute and tea
-Canada supplied potash and timber
-Exports for textiles, shipbuilding, engines, bridges, coal and iron.
-Investment - not in Scotland as it was easier to make money in the colonies
-Scotland was vulnerable
-Scottish economy was vulnerable to international fluctuations.
What are some examples of Competition from the Empire?
-Manufacturing cotton, sugar and tobacco was in a slow decline from 1830s
-Dundee jute was the first factory in 1868 - did well until 1890 when Kolkata dominated markets
-Embroidered muslin - 131 cotton mills in Scotland in 1868, just 9 mills by 1910
What are some military/political impacts of the Empire?
-Huge military contribution
-In 1830 - 13.5 of British army from 10% of the population
-Sutherland highlanders, Black Watch and Seaforth Highlanders praised for bravery in India’s War of Independence 1857.
What were some stories from the Empire?
Piper George Findlater - hero of Dargai Heights Pakistan in 1897 and became a music hall celebrity.
-Volunteer corps - double the number of sign ups in Scotland
-Separate companies for separate professions such as accountants in Glasgow.
How many people were fighting in WW1?
-15000 West Indians
-1.27 million Indians
-146,000 South Africans
-410,000 Australians
-100,000 New Zealanders (including 2,700 Maoiri)
Examples of Highland Dress from the Empire?
-War artists - kilt became well known
-1881 Lowland regiments had to wear tartan ‘trews’
-Boys brigade and boy scouts became popular
