Issue 4 - Effect of Migration and Empire on Scotland

Question 1

How long did Britain’s imperial century span for?

Answer 1

1815-1914

Question 2

How many people were under the rule of the British empire?

Answer 2

400 million

Question 3

How many people came to Scotland from all over Europe?

Answer 3

Over 1 million, with a further million coming from elsewhere in the Empire

Question 4

Where was Catholicism declining?

Answer 4

In the Lowlands until 1830, with people who grew up Catholic marrying Protestant and converting religion.

Question 5

After 1830, Catholicism had been improving, especially after the Potato Famine. How many priests were in Glasgow by 1878 (bonus: how many by 1904)?

Answer 5

1878: 134
1904: 204

They were brought into places across the Highlands where no local priests were found

Question 6

By 1841, 5000 Catholic and Protestant teetolers staged a joint march for what purpose?

Answer 6

Advocate an end to binge drinking

Question 7

Throughout the late 1800s, Catholic Churches became what?

Answer 7

Hubs for temperance organisations, with one in every Glasgow Parish by 1890.

Question 8

Where was Scotland’s first temperance society founded?

Answer 8

In Greenock in 1829. By 1850s several temperance organisations sprung up in towns across North Lanarkshire.

Question 9

When was the Hope of Coatbridge Section of the Cadets formed?

Answer 9

Before 1878, and was in existence until at least March 1925, with members having to take pledge.

Question 10

By 1890, how many teetolers were there in Glasgow?

Answer 10

17,000, many were Italian, Irish and Lithuanian

Question 11

Which football teams formed?

Answer 11

Irish Catholics
-Celtic FC
-Hibs
-Dundee United

Irish Protestant
-Joined teams like Hearts FC and Rangers FC

Question 12

In the 1870s, Irish Catholics/Protestants/Lithuanian immigrants became prominent figures where?

Answer 12

Both membership and leadership of the trade unions.

Question 13

By 1900, Irish immigrants made up how much of the Lanarkshire Miners Union members?

Answer 13

3/4, and by 1911 the majority of the National Iron and Steelworkers Union was made up of Irish immigrant workers.

Question 14

In 1840 what were Irish handloom weavers involved in?

Answer 14

Heavy industrial action and were a driving force behind Glasgow Friendly Association of Cotton Spinners

Question 15

What would Orange Order lodges celebrate?

Answer 15

Protestant traditions, ie the Battle of Boyne

Question 16

What years was membership rising within the Orange Order?

Answer 16

These social and religious hubs had memberships rising between 1860 and 1875.

Question 17

How many of the Protestant population were members?

Answer 17

2% of the Protestant population, in areas like Glasgow Clydeside

Question 18

What is a social and cultural factor of the impact of the Empire?

Answer 18

-Depopulation of Scotland, 2.5 million Scots moved away, with more Scots leaving than arriving for many years. TM Devine, a historian, described it as a ‘brain drain’. This effected the Highlands especially. Population increased quickly so it is argued that it prevented overcrowding.

Question 19

What did missionaries do?

Answer 19

Gain knowledge and info from the Empire, by producing pamphlets and letters for their sponsoring congregations. David Livngstone is an example, who took part in nationalistic pride. Scotland played a part in the ‘civilising mission’.

Question 20

Who were some women that had a big impact on the Empire?

Answer 20

Mary Slessor - Dundee Mill Worker, moved to Nigeria to preach
Caroline Snadden - Moved to Kolkata in 1925
Carrie Jane - Vice president of the Women’s Christian Temperance movement in Bengal.
Catherine Gordon - Mooved to Kolkata, was a piano tuner and player.
Susanna Bundlow - moved to India as a maid servant to Scottish government officials.

Question 21

In 1857, the first War of Independence occurred. Letters described what?

Answer 21

The atrocities against Scots, ie in Cawnpore, 120 women and children were murdered and thrown down a well. Glory and bravery of 93rd Sutherland Highlanders at Lucknow. There was nothing about the decades of oppression from before the war.

Question 22

How did Scottish industrialists make their fortune in the Empire?

Answer 22

-Money was brought back to Scotland
-Glasgow Tobacco Lords were invested in Merchant City Glasgow post 1830
-William Cunninghame had the Glasgow Gallery of Modern Art built in 1778 and operated from 1839 - 1939.
-Andrew Carnegie built over 3000 libraries
-However Scottish workers lived on some of the worst conditions imaginable
-Life expectancy for a man was 45 years

Question 23

What did Robert Fortune do?

Answer 23

Robert Fortune stole tea production methods from China and took them to India, where tea became a drink for everyone.

Question 24

What were some textiles and fashions?

Answer 24

Paisley patterned shawls (produced by Paisley), the design for them was stolen from Kashmir shawls in India and Nepal.

Question 25

What were some products produced?

Answer 25

Meat and Dairy products from Australia and New Zealand in 1882. These products were cheaper. Also some more exotic products such as Camp Coffee, which featured a Siwh soldier serving a Gordon highlander in a kilt, produced by Campbell Paterson.

Question 26

What was an economic impact on the Empire? | (Hint: Locomotives, Glasgow produced, Biggest manufacturer, demand)

Answer 26

-Trade to the empire flourished -Locomotives were exported to India and Canada -Glasgow produced half of Britain's ships and a 3rd of the trams for export. -Scotland was the biggest locomotive manufacturer by 1903 -Empire created demand for ships - Glasgow world hub until 1914

Question 27

What did Robert Napier do?

Answer 27

Began business in 1815 - built many ships including the Black Prince in 1861. -In 1864 there were more than 20 yards on the Clyde -By 1870 it was more than half the shipbuilding workforce -By 1914 he was producing 5th most of the worlds shipping tonnage.

Question 28

What other jobs were formed due to ship building success?

Answer 28

-brass, copper and wooden fittings -Furnishings for ships -Iron and engineering works after 1840

Question 29

What other products were created due to shipbuilding success?

Answer 29

-beer and whiskey exports -in 1860 McEwans exported beer in Australia, NZ, India, Canada and South America. -Tennants was popular in colonies - Red 'T' registered for exclusive use in the empire.

Question 30

How much had Scottish Foreign Investment risen from 1870 - 1914?

Answer 30

From 1870 it was £60 million by 1914 it was £500 million

Question 31

What did Robert Fleming do?

Answer 31

Apart of the Scottish Investment Trust Invested small sums in railways in the USA and Canada.

Question 32

What did Edinburgh firms do?

Answer 32

Opened small investment trusts for working men and women.

Question 33

What are some examples of reliance in the Empire?

Answer 33

-India supplied cotton, jute and tea -Canada supplied potash and timber -Exports for textiles, shipbuilding, engines, bridges, coal and iron. -Investment - not in Scotland as it was easier to make money in the colonies -Scotland was vulnerable -Scottish economy was vulnerable to international fluctuations.

Question 34

What are some examples of Competition from the Empire?

Answer 34

-Manufacturing cotton, sugar and tobacco was in a slow decline from 1830s -Dundee jute was the first factory in 1868 - did well until 1890 when Kolkata dominated markets -Embroidered muslin - 131 cotton mills in Scotland in 1868, just 9 mills by 1910

Question 35

What are some military/political impacts of the Empire?

Answer 35

-Huge military contribution -In 1830 - 13.5 of British army from 10% of the population -Sutherland highlanders, Black Watch and Seaforth Highlanders praised for bravery in India's War of Independence 1857.

Question 36

What were some stories from the Empire?

Answer 36

Piper George Findlater - hero of Dargai Heights Pakistan in 1897 and became a music hall celebrity. -Volunteer corps - double the number of sign ups in Scotland -Separate companies for separate professions such as accountants in Glasgow.

Question 37

How many people were fighting in WW1?

Answer 37

-15000 West Indians -1.27 million Indians -146,000 South Africans -410,000 Australians -100,000 New Zealanders (including 2,700 Maoiri)

Question 38

Examples of Highland Dress from the Empire?

Answer 38

-War artists - kilt became well known -1881 Lowland regiments had to wear tartan 'trews' -Boys brigade and boy scouts became popular