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O'level History (VS) > Issue 2: Living in a diverse society > Flashcards

Issue 2: Living in a diverse society Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: Socio-cultural diversity & Socio-economic diversity

A

Socio-cultural: When there is a mix of people of different nationalities, religion and races in society

Socio-econ: When there are groups of people with different levels of income in society

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2
Q

How does nationality give us our identity? (2 defs, 4egs)

A
  1. legal status of belonging to a particular nation, by birth or naturalisation
    - legal documents like the passport and identification card is issued to recognized citizens
  2. Sharing a sense of belonging and common experiences, history and traditions
    - SG celebrate national day together on 9 Aug
    - Shared respect for multiracial and multi-religious practices
    - Common love for food across cultures
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3
Q

How does race and ethnicity give us our identity? (2 defs, 2 egs)

A

Race: classification of people according to their physical characteristics
Ethnicity: One’s ancestry, cultural practices, languages and food that are associated with a particular ethnic group
- Miao and hui communities in China, Bugis Dayaks among Malays (same race different ethnicity)
- SG “double-barrelled” race regestration options reflected in IC

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4
Q

How does religion give us our identity? (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: The organised collection of attitudes and beliefs

  1. Main religions in SG promote compassion, sensitivity in believers and helping one another
  2. Singaporeans are free to profess and practise their religion and propagate it under article 15 of the Singapore constitution
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5
Q

How does socio-economic status give us our identity? (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Economic situation shared by a group of people determined by occupation, income and wealth

  1. Golf, fine-dining and traveling usually high SES activities while soccer and basketball are enjoyed by all individuals (different experiences based on SES)
  2. Singapore’s Gini coefficient decreased from 0.4 in 2011 to 0.35 in 2020, indicating that the distribution of income is becoming more equal
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6
Q

Define: Early immigration policy (and how it contributes to diversity)

A

Def: Closely linked with manpoer needs, open door policy in hiring migrants who share their culture and practices

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7
Q

Singapore’s economic opportunities is responsible for its diversity (Def + 3 egs)

A

Def: employment oppurtunities available due to many buisnesses in SG

  1. SG first place for major investment destinations because of unrestricted flow of capital combined with its stable political and economic climate
  2. SG is the easiest counry to do business in as it is simple to register a company and register for taxes through the same online form
  3. SG is the least corrupt country in Asia due to clear and strict laws imposed by the government over business dealings
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8
Q

Benefits of foreign manpower attracted to Singapore (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: migrant workers compliment the local workforce by taking on low skill jobs that support high skilled professional jobs

  1. Keep wages at bottom tier low to attract MNCs
  2. Many foreign workers come from ASEAN countries as well as India, Bangladesh and China
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9
Q

Benefits of foreign domestic workers attracted to Singapore (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Maids from indonesia and other countries helping to support families with children or elderly

  1. Allow Sinagporeans who are primary caregivers to enter the workforce
  2. In high demand because of aging population and increasing number of family with both spouses working
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10
Q

Benefits of foreign professionals attracted to Singapore (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: complement PMETs and occupy senior positions in sectors like banking and finance

  1. NUS faculty of law draws on foreign expertise for knowledge and skills
  2. Helps develop industries and raise income for top tier income workers
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11
Q

The early industrialisation program caused Singapore’s early immigration policy (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Because SG was a third world nation with high unemployment and lacked FDIs

  • Setting-up of Jurong industrial estates
  • Labour intensive factories producing textiles, toys and technology-intensive products
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12
Q

The brain drain caused Singapore’s early immigration policy (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: migration of highly trained and educated workers

  • Easier for doctors who spoke english to work in Austrailia
  • Governemnt focus on a higher skilled foreign workforce to support a knowledge based economy as number of working age citizens projected to decline
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13
Q

The aging/declining population caused Singapore’s early immigration policy (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Number of elderly citizens increasing

  • Worsening old-age dependency ratio, more government revenue from taxes will be used to support an increasing number of elderly citizens
  • By 2030, 1 in 4 residents will be aged 65 and above
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14
Q

Define: Community support

A

Def: Encourage foreigners to interact beyond their immediate community and engage with a larger Singapore society

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15
Q

Benefits of Immigrant support Groups (part of community support) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Community support for immigrants so that they can adapt to Singapore and be comfortable

  1. ANZA members support Australia and New Zealand Families based in Singapore
  2. Myanmar Club promote welfare and education of Myanmar nationals who are now residents of Singapore
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16
Q

Singapore’s Thai community (part of community support) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Thai workers in professional, service and construction sectors

  1. Golden Mile Complex has many Thai eateries and remittance centers
  2. Thai food like Tom yam easily available in Singapore
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17
Q

Singapore’s Japanese community (part of community support) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Japanese MNCs come to Singapore and attract Japanese workers to SG

  1. Liang Court and Clarke Quay Central Supermarkets provide authentic Japanese products
  2. Singaporeans fascinated with anime and Hello Kitty franchises
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18
Q

Sinagpore’s Korean Community (part of community support) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Young Korean university graduates like to come to SG to work

  1. Singapore Korean International School at Bukit Timah with many eateries around opened by Koreans
  2. The Square 2 shopping mall at Novena has many Korean eateries, fashion boutiques and beauty salons.
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19
Q

Benefits of Singapore’s safe enviroment (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Low Crime rate with stirct laws

  1. Second safest country in the world based on social order and security in 2014
  2. Tenth in the world based on criminal justice and lack of corruption
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20
Q

Singapore’s education system is responsible for its diversity (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Well organised and admired for high standards

  1. Primary, Secondary and JCs accept international students and conduct admission excercises
  2. Wide range of courses and high standards of certification in Science, engineering, Humanities and arts, attracting many international students
21
Q

Define: Common space

A

Shared physical spaces, shared values and common experiences that build our national identity, promote interaction and friendship amongst different cultures/races/religons

22
Q

Benefits of IRCCs (part of common spaces) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Community inter-racial and inter-faith platforms that promote racial and religious harmony

  1. Heritage trails, talks and religious celebrations
  2. Deepen people’s understanding of various faiths and cultural practices
23
Q

Benefits of OnePeople.sg (part of common spaces) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Spearhead programs to foster interaction and friendship among different ethnic communities

  1. Capacity building programmes in areas like religious diversity and conflict resolution
  2. Camp teen, a youth racial harmony ambassadors programme where youth from all races participated in bonding activities
24
Q

Benefits of People’s Association (part of common spaces) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Statutory board to promote racial harmony and act as a bridge between the people and government

  1. Wide range of Volunteering opportunities for Singaporeans from all walks of life
  2. Home visits and home stays to promote understanding of other cultures and ethnic groups
25
Q

Benefits of exchange of skills & knowledge (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Sharing of expertise in areas of research and development with foreign experts to strengthen research competencies

  1. BMRC of A*STAR funds public research initiatives in SG
  2. Dr Sydney Brenner helped to start the Molecular Engineering Lab in SG
26
Q

Benefits of exchange and appreciation of culture (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Create distinct experiences because of our diversity and learn from different cultures

  1. Fusion food - Chef Willin’s Char Siew Pork burger
  2. Fusion music - Krsna and Govin Tan’s fusion of classical and pop music using Indian instruments
27
Q

Downsides of prejudice (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: negative sterotypes held by one social group towards another, leading to discrimination

  1. hate crimes against muslim-americans after 9/11 terror attack
  2. Singaporeans denying rental accomodation to foreign races
28
Q

Downsides of misconceptions (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Misunderstandings about nationality, race, religion or socio-econ status that can lead to prejudice and hurtful remarks

  1. Pastor of a church passed remarks about Buddhism in a video of a sermon, creating an uproar
  2. Chinese university student name Singaporeans as dogs
29
Q

Define: Competition of resources

A

Oppurtunities and avability of infrastructure threatened by foreigners

30
Q

Concerns over standard of living and govt solutions (part of competition of resources) (Def + 4 egs)

A

Def: Do not want to live in a congested, polluted and overcrowded city
1. Increasingly congested public transport system, competition over healthcare resources and housing due to foreigners
2. Want quality urban spaces with integrated transport allowing convenient access to amenities
(solutions)
3. rail network expanded to 280km and more park connectors with green spaces built
4. More public housing, hospitals and healthcare facillities built

31
Q

Concerns over employment opportunitites and govt solutions (part of competition of resources) (Def + 4 egs)

A

Def: Fear that foreigners are taking jobs away
1. Foreigners holding PMET positions seem to be causing loss of jobs for older white collar Singaporean workers
2. Low skilled foreign workers paid less, seen to cause wages to remain low for lower tier jobs
(solutions)
3. Increase monthly levy for work permit holders
4. Eligibility criteria for S pass and employment passes tightened and quotas reduced

32
Q

Concerns over social mobility and govt solutions (part of competition of resources) (Def + 4 egs)

A

Def: Feel that it is difficult to move from low SES to high SES
1. MNC’s source for places with cheaper cost of production and shift to other countries
2. Rich countries continue to prosper because of cheaper jobs overseas but local workers could be retrenched and lose jobs
(solutions)
3. practicing meritocracy so students regardless of SES have an oppurtunity to excel through awards like the edusave scholarship and merit bursary scheme
4. Retraining and learning of new skils so that lower income Singaporeans can stay relavant

33
Q

Assimilation in France (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Immigrants expected to adopt the beliefs and practices of the majority group

  1. Illegal to compile data concerning race, ethnicity or religion
  2. Practice secularism, create a strong French national identity not linked to race, ethnicity, religion or SES
34
Q

Assimilation through education (France) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: eliminate otherness and instil a strong foundation of french idenity

  1. No discussions about religion outside of history and philosophy
  2. Adaptation classes for immigrants to help improve their french and eventually join regular french schools
35
Q

Assimilation through employment (France) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Reinforce french national identity in the workplace

  1. Required to pick up French to be able to communicate with colleagues
  2. Diversity Charter for companies to show their support for a discrimination free workplace to support assimilation
36
Q

Assimilation through naturalisation (France) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Help immigrants develop basic knowledge about life in France and what being a French national means

  1. Compulsory to undergo French language courses and a day of civic education about life in France
  2. Need to demonstrate knowledge of French history and culture and pass a cultural test and language test before they can gain permanent residency
37
Q

Tensions due to assimilation (France) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Critics say it violates individual rights and freedom of religion and expression

  1. A law was passed prohibiting the display of religious items
  2. Muslim cannot wear headscarves, Christians cannot wear large crosses
38
Q

Intergration in Singapore (Def + 4 egs)

A

Def: Retain their unique identities while forging common ground with locals

  1. Bilingual policy, Students expected to learn English and MT
  2. Presidential Council for Minority Rights reports on matters affecting religious and racial communities to the Parliament
  3. GRC ensures that at least one candidate in a contesting team is from a minority race so that they are represented in Parliament
  4. Ethnic Immigration policy ensures a balanced ethic mix in HDBs to prevent the formation of ethnic enclaves
39
Q

Intergration through naturalisation (SG) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Mandatory program called Singapore citizenship journey

  1. Online journey to learn about Singapore’s history, total defence and efforts in building a cohesive society
  2. Experiential tour bringing participants to key historical landmarks and national institutions to learn about the management of national challenges like urban planning and transport
40
Q

Integration through common experiences (SG) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: opportunities to interact with locals and built friendships

  1. Ethnic Integration Policy encourage interactions with locals in HDBs
  2. PRs and Singapore citizens required to serve NS for 2 years
41
Q

Intergration through community support (SG) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Initiatives by the community to help immigrants adapt to living in SG

  1. Community Integration Fund to support ground up integration initiatives
  2. People’s association make home visits and home stays to help immigrants adapt
42
Q

Tensions from Integration policies (SG) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Blame immigrants for increase in competition over resources and feel like they have not been integrated sufficiently

  1. Blaming immigrants for increase in prices, congestion and overcrowding of public transport
  2. Some immigrants unable to communicate in English and have their own social norms which dilutes national identity and social cohesion
43
Q

Market based approach towards healthcare (US) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Citizens cope with healthcare largely on their own, government does not intervene and lets the market determine the provision of service

  1. Medicare health insurance only for Americans aged 65 or older
  2. Mediaid health insurance only for those with limited income or the disabled
44
Q

Downsides to the market based approach towards healthcare (US) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Citizens cannot cope with healthcare on their own and cannot afford to buy medical insurance

  1. Low income citizens choose not to buy insurance as they need to save money for basic necessities
  2. Insurance companies not motivated to insure those who have been sick previously and small firms may not provide healthcare insurance
45
Q

Shared responsibility approach towards healthcare (SG) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Government provides basic healthcare services and shares the cost with individuals

  1. CPF savings set aside in Medisave and Medishield insurance from individual’s own income
  2. Government Subsidises through healthcare subsidies like the Community Health Assist Scheme, lower class wards in hospitals and Medifund
46
Q

Downsides to the shared responsibility approach towards healthcare (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Balancing affordability with rising costs

  1. Ageing population, by 2030, 1 in 5 Singaporeans will be over 65 years old. The elderly tend to fall sick and need more intensive healthcare
  2. Increase in life expectancy and sedentary lifestyles cause greater demand in treatment for chronic illnesses
47
Q

Government financed approach towards healthcare (Sweden) (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: Government intervention providing substantial subsidies and some healthcare can be free

  1. 9 Euros a day for hospitalisation and 122 euros maximum for our of pocket payment
  2. All children in the family covered for medicine and only need to pay a maximum of 244 euros a year
48
Q

Downsides to the government financed approach towards healthcare in Sweden (Def + 2 egs)

A

Def: High taxation

  1. High income tax and Value added tax at 25%
  2. Some citizens of EU member countries eligible for Sweden’s heavily subsidised healthcare without needing to pay taxes

O'level History (VS) (9 decks)

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