ISSA Flashcards
Training effect
An increase in functional capacity of muscles and other bodily tissues as a result of increased stress (overload) placed upon them.
Homeostasis
The automatic tendency to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
metabolism
The total of all the chemical and physical processes by which the body builds and maintains itself (anabolism) and by which it breaks down its substances for the production of energy (catabolism).
glucose
Principal circulating sugar in the blood and the major energy source of the body.
amino acid
he building blocks of protein. There are 24 amino acids, which form countless number of different proteins.
metabolic set point
The base rate of metabolism that the body seeks to maintain; resulting in basal metabolic rate.
BMR
The minimum energy required to maintain the body’s life function at rest; usually expressed in calories per hour per square meter of the body surface.
thermic effect
The heat liberated from a particular food; it is a measure of its energy content and its tendency to be burned as heat. This process of heat liberation is also commonly referred to as “thermogenesis.”
respiratory quotient (RQ)
ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide expired to the volume of oxygen consumed.
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
n organic compound found in muscle which, upon being broken down enzymatically, yields energy for muscle contraction.
creatine phosphate (CP):
A high-energy phosphate molecule that is stored in cells and can be used to immediately resynthesize ATP.
ATP/CP pathway
- is anaerobic, which means it requires no oxygen for energy use
- ATP and CP provide anaerobic sources of phosphate-bond energy. The energy liberated from hydrolysis (splitting) of CP re-bonds ADP and Pi to form ATP.
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
an organic compound in metabolism that functions in the transfer of energy during the catabolism of glucose, formed by the removal of a phosphate molecule from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and composed of adenine, ribose, and two phosphate groups.
type II muscle fibers (fast twitch):
Muscle fiber type that contracts quickly and is used mostly in intensive, short-duration exercises.
type I muscle fibers (slow twitch):
A muscle fiber characterized by its slow speed of contraction and a high capacity for aerobic glycolysis.
glycolytic pathway
metabolic process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy anaerobically.
oxidative pathway:
A metabolic process in which oxygen combines with lactic acid, resynthesizing glycogen to produce energy aerobically.
tissue
A collection of similar cells and their intracellular substances.
triglycerides
The storage form of fat made up of three fatty acids and a glycerol group
tendon
Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
ligament
Connective tissue that connects bone to bone or bone to cartilage.
respiratory system
System consisting of the lungs and air passageways, which supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide.
Hemoglobin
oxygen-transporting protein in red blood cells
tissue metabolism
foodstuffs are changed to make new tissue.
Vascularization
the development of new capillaries and the enlargement of the existing blood vessels
digestion
The process of mechanical or chemical breakdown of food into absorbable molecules.
Macronutrients
A category of nutrients: including—carbohydrates, proteins, and fats — that are present in foods in large amounts.
somatic system
System responsible for voluntary action
autonomic system
System that processes and activates involuntary action.
afferent system
The part of the PNS that sends messages to the CNS.
efferent system
System designed to cause action; consists of the somatic and autonomic systems
Flat bones
provide protection and include the ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, and scapula. They are usually characterized by a curved surface where it is either thick at the tendon attachment or very thin
Short bones
provide some shock absorption and include carpals and tarsals. They are usually characterized as small, cube-shaped, solid bones.
Long bones
provide structural support and include the tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, and humerus. These bones are usually characterized by a long, cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends.
Sesamoid bones
provide protection as well as improve mechanical advantage of musculotendinous units and are included in the patella and the flexor tendons of the toe and thumb. They are usually characterized as small bones embedded within the tendon of a musculotendinous unit.
Irregular bones
serve a variety of purposes in the body and include bones throughout the spine as well as the ischium, pubis, and maxilla.
Synovial fluid
A fluid that lubricates the smooth cartilage in joints.
collagen
Fibrous protein that forms tough connective tissue
proprioceptors
(the sensory organs found in muscles and tendons) provide information about body movement and position, as well as protect muscle and connective tissue.
feedback loop
process of sending protective response sent from the brain in response to increased muscle tension
ligament
The fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone, or bone to cartilage, to hold together and support joints.
elastin
Elastic fibrous protein found in connective tissue.
cartilage
A firm, elastic, flexible, white material found at the ends of ribs, between vertebrae (discs), at joint surfaces, and in the nose and ears
myofilaments
The elements of the muscle that actually shorten upon contraction; made up mainly of two types of protein: actin and myosin .
myosin
Short, thick contractile filaments
actin
Long, thin contractile filaments
muscle spindles
Sensory receptors within the belly of a muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of this muscle. Measures and delivers the quantity of muscle force needed to perform a given action.
myofibrils
Tiny fibrils that make up a single muscle fiber.
sarcoplasm
contains many nuclei and other cell constituents, such as mitochondria, within which energy-producing biochemical reactions take place
sliding filament theory
a myofibril contracts by the actin and myosin filaments sliding over each other.
isometric
type of contraction; muscle develops tension but does not shorten
isotonic
type of contraction; muscle shortens but retains constant tension
concentric
A contraction in which a muscle shortens and overcomes a resistance.
eccentric
A contraction in which a muscle lengthens and is overcome by a resistance
all-or-none reaction
Concept stating that a unit is either completely relaxed or fully contracted; it is never partly contracted.
stretch reflex
A built-in protective function of the neuromuscular system in the muscle spindle.
–regulatory mechanism that allows the muscle to respond to different loads and length without having to receive order from the CNS
proprioceptor:
Specialized sensory receptors located in tendons and muscles sensitive to stretch, tension, pressure, and position of the body. Proprioceptors include muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs.
biochemistry
the branch of science concerned with the chemical and physicochemical processes that occur within living organisms.
