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FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY > ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF POISONS > Flashcards

ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF POISONS Flashcards

1
Q

heating a sample to convert the substance into vapor, cooled and condensed back into a liquid state

A

distillation

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2
Q

separation of a crystalloid from a colloid by filtration through a semi-permeable membrane

only applicable if we are trying to separate a crystalloid from a colloid

A

dialysis

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3
Q

based on the miscibility/solubility of the substance in solvents

the substance you are trying to extract has to be miscible or soluble in your solvent for the extraction to occur

miscible: when two liquids with similar polarity are combined and the liquids mix

A

solvent extraction

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4
Q

potent agents present only in very low concentrations

A

poisons

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5
Q

if not properly administered, poisons will not be detected

A

sample preparations

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6
Q

extraction

A

first step in sample preparations

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7
Q

in order to separate target substances from possible interferences which may also be present in the sample

A

purposes of extracting poisons from drugs or specimen

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8
Q

to increase the concentration of the substance comparative to the coextracted matrix (sample or specimen) compounds

A

purposes of extracting poisons from drugs or specimen

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9
Q

if carried out effectively, extraction will increase the chance of an effective analysis.

A

purposes of extracting poisons from drugs or specimen

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10
Q

carried out in cases of poisoning involving heavy metals

precipitating agent, sedimentating agent: milk, raw egg, etc

A

precipitation and sedimentation

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11
Q

usually applied in qualitative detections of drugs of abuse and toxins

A

chromatography

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12
Q

the presence or absence of drugs of abuse and toxins

A

qualitative detection

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13
Q

definite concentration/value of drugs of substance

better than qualitative

A

quantitative detection

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14
Q

part of screening of drugs of abuse/ illicit drugs

central to identifying drugs of abuse

A

thin-layer chromatography

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15
Q

based on relative affinities of substances for polar solid stationary phase and a nonpolar mobile liquid phase

A

principle of thin-layer chromatography

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16
Q

equivalent to the distance travelled by the substance you are trying to separate/ distance travelled by the sol

A

rf = retention factor

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17
Q

best sample for tlc

you can collect a lot of sample in a non-invasive manner

A

urine

18
Q

usually collected from patients when the mode of introduction of poison is via ingestion

A

gastric contents

19
Q

samples that are not collected from an individual

A

non-biological samples

20
Q

sample –> concentration to increase possibility of extracting more –> extraction (basis is whether the substance is acidic (strip1) or basic (strip2) –> separation –> identification

A

steps in processing sample for tlc

21
Q

mobile liquid phase = solvent = non polar

solid stationary phase = silica gel strip = polar

point a and b = strip1 and strip2

from point a and b, solvent will migrate towards the end portion of silica gel strip

sample A travelled shorter distance = more polar = affinity is in the polar component = more attracted to solid

sample B travelled farther distance = more nonpolar = affinity is in the nonpolar component = more attracted to mobile liquid phase = has more RF

A

process in thin-layer chromatography

22
Q

the gel strips for the separation are dipped into reagents

there will be unique color reaction

characteristic color reaction and RF = basis for identification

A

in identification during tlc

23
Q

0.14 rf value

has dark red, purple color reaction

a nonfluorescent substance

A

morphine

24
Q

required level for detection in tlc

concentration of toxin/poison that should on the strip

A

1 ug/mL

25
Q

inefficient extraction = insufficient concentration of analyte = negative results

A

major problem

26
Q

allows quantitative detection of drugs

better than tlc

used for the analysis of tricyclic antidepressants and their metabolites

*absorbance in directly proportional to the concentration of the substance

A

high-performance liquid chromatography

27
Q

amitriptyline, imipramine, nortriptyline, desipramine, protriptyline

they are the most commonly prescribed drugs and they are also used in excess as a drug of abuse in cases of suicide attempts

A

tricyclic antidepressants

28
Q

gold-standard for the detection and quantitation of volatile drugs and poisons due to high sensitivity and high specificity

*ultimate reference method and confirmatory procedure

A

gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy

29
Q

the method is capable of detecting the substance that is supposed to detect

ability to focus on the substance it is supposed to measure

can avoid false positives or false negatives

A

high specificity

30
Q

the method can detect at even low concentrations

A

high sensitivity

31
Q

the compound/substance are directly heated into gas phase via gas chromatography

then, the metabolites will be measured/quantitated via mass spectroscopy

A

principle of gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy

32
Q

volatilized compound is moved by a gas source into column rings which are encased in an oven.
inside the column rings, substances can be separated.

once bombarded with electrons, it will be ionized thus carrying a charge.

the ionized molecule will be passed on to electric quadrupole field.

the quadrupole field serves a a filter. only ions that have narrow range than mass to charge ratios can only pass through

then, the data will now be stored in data acquisition computer

fragmentogram = results shown in the computer , unique for every substance analyzed in the laboratory, fingerprint pattern

A

principle of gas chromatography - mass spectroscopy

33
Q

based on the migration of charged solutes or particles in an electrical field

utilized for the detection of illicit drugs/highly addictive/illegal substances

A

electrophoresis

34
Q

charged particles migrates toward the opposite charged electrode

  • cations = positively charged, attracted to negatively charged or cathode
  • anions = negatively charged, attracted to positively charged electrode or anode
A

migration pattern/rule

35
Q

net charge
size of particle
shape of particle

A

characteristic that affect the migration of substances

36
Q

driving force = electrical power applied on electrophoresis setup

support medium = gel: agarose gel, polyacrylamide gel, starch gel

buffer = to maintain the ionized state of particles

sample

detecting system

A

5 components of electrophoresis

37
Q

allows the separation and quantification of chemical substance in a wide variety of complex matrices

A

capillary electrophoresis

38
Q

exceptional separating power

rapid analysis

high mass sensitivity

more economical in terms of reagents required, and only requires minimal sample

A

advantages of capillary electrophoresis

39
Q

detect gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB): recreational drug known for euphoric effects, rape facilitation drug due to its capacity to reduce inhibitions, doping agent for muscle growth enhancement

3,4-methylenedioxymethampethamine (ECSTASY): recreational drug/club drug

toxins and venoms: they are polypeptide complexes, thus cannot be assayed using GC-MS

ink analysis: in cases of fraud, estafa, tax evasion

gun shot resides and explosives

A

application of capillary electrophoresis

40
Q

detect the presence of a drug or several drugs of abuse

*immunoassays/immunochemical methods, TLC

A

screening test

41
Q

identify the drug and its concentration

*HPLC, GC-MS

A

confirmatory test

42
Q

process that provides documentation of proper sample identification from the time of collection to the receipt of laboratory results

*donor, subject

A

chain of custody

FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY (3 decks)

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