INTRODUCTION

Question 1

branch of science which deals with the study of the effect of drugs on biologic systems

Answer 1

pharmacology

Question 2

path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body

Answer 2

routes of drug administration

Question 3

through mouth

Answer 3

oral

Question 4

underneath the tongue; usually for heart ailment patients; the capillaries there immediately absorbs the drug

Answer 4

sublingual

Question 5

through the anus

Answer 5

rectal

Question 6

injections into veins

Answer 6

intravenous

Question 7

injections into muscles

Answer 7

intramuscular

Question 8

under the skin

Answer 8

subcutaneous

Question 9

drugs are atomized into smaller droplets so that the drugs can pass through the windpipe (trachea) and into the lungs

Answer 9

inhalation

Question 10

directly applied on the skin

Answer 10

topical

Question 11

penetrates through the skin

Answer 11

transdermal

Question 12

refers to the fate of an administered drug (what will happen once the drug is administered?)

Answer 12

pharmacokinetics

Question 13

movement of a drug into our bloodstream after being administered

it affects the bioavailability

Answer 13

drug absorption

Question 14

how quick and how much drug will reach their intended target site

Answer 14

bioavailability

Question 15

movement of a drug to and from bodily tissues

Answer 15

drug distribution

Question 16

biotransformation of drugs intro our body

Answer 16

drug metabolism

Question 17

makes drug easy to be eliminated in our body

Answer 17

biotransformation

Question 18

elimination of biproducts of pharmaceutical substances

Answer 18

drug excretion

Question 19

rate at which an active drug is removed from our body

drug input = drug output, then the rate is at steady state

Answer 19

drug clearance

Question 20

drug response depends on both the affinity of a drug for its receptors and the drug’s efficacy

Answer 20

receptor theory

Question 21

strength of binding

between a drug and its receptor

Answer 21

affinity

Question 22

the degree to which a drug is able to induce maximal effects

Answer 22

efficacy

Question 23

a drug interaction where 2 or more drugs are taken together, and the effects of each drug will add up

Answer 23

addition

Question 24

a drug interaction where 2 or more drugs are taken work together against one target

Answer 24

synergism

Question 25

a drug interaction where drug a will have to boost the effect of drug b

Answer 25

potentiation

Question 26

a drug interaction where drug a will reduce/block the effect of drug b

Answer 26

antagonism

Question 27

amount of drug which induces a specified clinical effect in 50% of subjects given the drug

Answer 27

Effective Concentration/Dose | 50% (EC/ED 50)

Question 28

measure of the safety of a | drug

Answer 28

therapeutic index

Question 29

50% of the subject will die if a drug is given in a certain dose

Answer 29

LD50 or lethal dose 50

Question 30

50% of the subject will have a positive effect if a drug is given in a certain dose

Answer 30

ED50 or effective dose 50

Question 31

margin between therapeutic | and lethal doses of a drug

Answer 31

margin of safety

Question 32

study of exogenous clinical compounds that profoundly influence bodily functions, either in a deleterious way or for therapeutic benefits

Answer 32

toxicology

Question 33

enables physicians to adjust and optimize the dosage on an individual basis

Answer 33

therapeutic drug monitoring | TDM

Question 34

- identify the offending drug/s | - establish diagnosis, assess level of intoxication, suggest course of therapy

Answer 34

identification of drugs in | acute intoxication

Question 35

for pre-employment and medicolegal cases

Answer 35

urine testing for drugs of abuse

Question 36

four areas of toxicology

Answer 36

1. drugs of abuse 2. therapeutic drugs 3. environmental carcinogens 4. toxins

Question 37

ppm – Parts per million ppb – Parts per billion ppt – Parts per trillion

Answer 37

units used to measure toxins

Question 38

In 1 m3 block 1cc

Answer 38

1ppm

Question 39

In 1 m3 block 0.001cm3

Answer 39

0.001cc or 1ppb

Question 40

In 1 m3 block .000,000,001m3

Answer 40

0.000,001cc or 1ppt

Question 41

``` 1 cc = 1ml = 1g 1 liter of water = 1 kg 1 mg / kg = 1 ppm 1mm3 / liter = 1 ppm 1 mg / liter = 1 pp ```

Answer 41

relationships

Question 42

normal procedure in order to determine the toxicity of chemicals the laboratory

Answer 42

expose test animals

Question 43

By ingestion, application to the skin, by inhalation, gavage, or some other method which introduces the material into the body, or placing the test material in the water or air of the test animals’ environment

Answer 43

methods in testing animals

Question 44

toxicity is measured in how deadly it is

Answer 44

mortality

Question 45

toxicity is measured in their ability to cause birth | defects

Answer 45

•teratogenicity

Question 46

toxicity is measured in their ability to cause cancer

Answer 46

carcinogenicity

Question 47

toxicity is measured in their ability to cause changes in the DNA

Answer 47

mutagenicity

Question 48

technique that notes the antibody and antigen reactions

Answer 48

immunologic

Question 49

separation technique for drug analysis

Answer 49

chromatography

Question 50

technique that uses spectrophotometer by measuring light spectrum of examples

Answer 50

spectrophotometry

Question 51

serum (contains the analyte) + antibody + enzyme labelled drug + substrate measured enzyme activity is proportional to the drug concentration more rapid than RIA

Answer 51

enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT)

Question 52

MDH & G-6-PD or malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phhosphatedehydrogenase

Answer 52

main substrates in enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT)

Question 53

it is a protein that catalyzes enzymatic reaction

Answer 53

enzyme

Question 54

it is the reaction between enzyme and substrate

Answer 54

enzymatic reaction

Question 55

drug to be measured is the hapten (-small molecules; they have to bind to larger molecules like protein so it could be measured and elicit response like production of antibodies) specific antibodies bound to a solid state carrier patient antigen is sandwiched between the solid-phase antibody and enzyme-labelled antibody

Answer 55

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) | sandwich immunoassay

Question 56

in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the enzyme activity can be manifested through __?

Answer 56

color

Question 57

a fluorogenic | substrate/reagent of fluorescence immunoassay

Answer 57

umbelliferyl-β- galactoside

Question 58

Fluorogenic reagent + antibody + beta-galactosidase --- incubated w/ serum sample in 37 degrees C drug of interest and reagent will compete for binding sites

Answer 58

fluorescence immunoassay

Question 59

no analyte of interest, no competition

Answer 59

fluorescence immunoassay

Question 60

Incubation of serum + antibody + radiolabeled drug serum and radiolabeled drug compete for antibody binding sites we count for radioactivity

Answer 60

radioimmunoassay

Question 61

most common technique for testing of drug abuse adsorption of drug to a solid support and elution by means of a mobile , liquid phase

Answer 61

chromatography

Question 62

screening for drug identification

Answer 62

thin layer chromatography (TLC)

Question 63

primarily for quantitating serum drug levels in TDM and also for confirming drug identification

Answer 63

HPLC or high-performance liquid chromatography | GLC or gas liquid chromatography

Question 64

spectral scan, used for tentative identification of drugs no longer used because chromatography is more specific in results

Answer 64

spectrophotometry

Question 65

visible spectrum measures

Answer 65

salicylate

Question 66

ultraviolet spectrum measures

Answer 66

barbiturates

Question 67

fluorescence measures

Answer 67

quinidine