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FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY > INTRODUCTION > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION Flashcards

1
Q

branch of science which deals with the study of the effect of drugs on biologic systems

A

pharmacology

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2
Q

path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body

A

routes of drug administration

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3
Q

through mouth

A

oral

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4
Q

underneath the tongue; usually for heart ailment patients; the capillaries there immediately absorbs the drug

A

sublingual

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5
Q

through the anus

A

rectal

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6
Q

injections into veins

A

intravenous

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7
Q

injections into muscles

A

intramuscular

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8
Q

under the skin

A

subcutaneous

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9
Q

drugs are atomized into smaller droplets so that the drugs can pass through the windpipe (trachea) and into the lungs

A

inhalation

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10
Q

directly applied on the skin

A

topical

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11
Q

penetrates through the skin

A

transdermal

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12
Q

refers to the fate of an administered drug (what will happen once the drug is administered?)

A

pharmacokinetics

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13
Q

movement of a drug into our bloodstream after being administered

it affects the bioavailability

A

drug absorption

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14
Q

how quick and how much drug will reach their intended target site

A

bioavailability

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15
Q

movement of a drug to and from bodily tissues

A

drug distribution

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16
Q

biotransformation of drugs intro our body

A

drug metabolism

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17
Q

makes drug easy to be eliminated in our body

A

biotransformation

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18
Q

elimination of biproducts of pharmaceutical substances

A

drug excretion

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19
Q

rate at which an active drug is removed from our body

drug input = drug output, then the rate is at steady state

A

drug clearance

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20
Q

drug response depends on both the affinity of a drug for its receptors and the drug’s efficacy

A

receptor theory

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21
Q

strength of binding

between a drug and its receptor

A

affinity

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22
Q

the degree to which a drug is able to induce maximal effects

A

efficacy

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23
Q

a drug interaction where 2 or more drugs are taken together, and the effects of each drug will add up

A

addition

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24
Q

a drug interaction where 2 or more drugs are taken work together against one target

A

synergism

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25
Q

a drug interaction where drug a will have to boost the effect of drug b

A

potentiation

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26
Q

a drug interaction where drug a will reduce/block the effect of drug b

A

antagonism

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27
Q

amount of drug which induces a specified clinical effect in 50% of subjects given the drug

A

Effective Concentration/Dose

50% (EC/ED 50)

28
Q

measure of the safety of a

drug

A

therapeutic index

29
Q

50% of the subject will die if a drug is given in a certain dose

A

LD50 or lethal dose 50

30
Q

50% of the subject will have a positive effect if a drug is given in a certain dose

A

ED50 or effective dose 50

31
Q

margin between therapeutic

and lethal doses of a drug

A

margin of safety

32
Q

study of exogenous clinical compounds that profoundly influence bodily functions, either in a deleterious way or for therapeutic benefits

A

toxicology

33
Q

enables physicians to adjust and optimize the dosage on an individual basis

A

therapeutic drug monitoring

TDM

34
Q
  • identify the offending drug/s

- establish diagnosis, assess level of intoxication, suggest course of therapy

A

identification of drugs in

acute intoxication

35
Q

for pre-employment and medicolegal cases

A

urine testing for drugs of abuse

36
Q

four areas of toxicology

A
  1. drugs of abuse
  2. therapeutic drugs
  3. environmental carcinogens
  4. toxins
37
Q

ppm – Parts per million
ppb – Parts per billion
ppt – Parts per trillion

A

units used to measure toxins

38
Q

In 1 m3 block 1cc

A

1ppm

39
Q

In 1 m3 block 0.001cm3

A

0.001cc or 1ppb

40
Q

In 1 m3 block .000,000,001m3

A

0.000,001cc or 1ppt

41
Q 
1 cc = 1ml = 1g
1 liter of water = 1 kg
1 mg / kg = 1 ppm
1mm3 / liter = 1 ppm
1 mg / liter = 1 pp
A

relationships

42
Q

normal procedure in order to determine the toxicity of chemicals the laboratory

A

expose test animals

43
Q

By ingestion, application to the skin, by inhalation, gavage, or some other method which introduces the material into the body, or placing the test material in the water or air of the test animals’ environment

A

methods in testing animals

44
Q

toxicity is measured in how deadly it is

A

mortality

45
Q

toxicity is measured in their ability to cause birth

defects

A

•teratogenicity

46
Q

toxicity is measured in their ability to cause cancer

A

carcinogenicity

47
Q

toxicity is measured in their ability to cause changes in the DNA

A

mutagenicity

48
Q

technique that notes the antibody and antigen reactions

A

immunologic

49
Q

separation technique for drug analysis

A

chromatography

50
Q

technique that uses spectrophotometer by measuring light spectrum of examples

A

spectrophotometry

51
Q

serum (contains the analyte) + antibody + enzyme labelled drug + substrate

measured enzyme activity is proportional to the drug concentration

more rapid than RIA

A

enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT)

52
Q

MDH & G-6-PD or malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phhosphatedehydrogenase

A

main substrates in enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT)

53
Q

it is a protein that catalyzes enzymatic reaction

A

enzyme

54
Q

it is the reaction between enzyme and substrate

A

enzymatic reaction

55
Q

drug to be measured is the hapten (-small molecules; they have to bind to larger molecules like protein so it could be measured and elicit response like production of antibodies)

specific antibodies bound to a solid state carrier

patient antigen is sandwiched between the solid-phase antibody and enzyme-labelled antibody

A

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

sandwich immunoassay

56
Q

in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the enzyme activity can be manifested through __?

A

color

57
Q

a fluorogenic

substrate/reagent of fluorescence immunoassay

A

umbelliferyl-β- galactoside

58
Q

Fluorogenic reagent + antibody + beta-galactosidase — incubated w/ serum sample in 37 degrees C

drug of interest and reagent will compete for binding sites

A

fluorescence immunoassay

59
Q

no analyte of interest, no competition

A

fluorescence immunoassay

60
Q

Incubation of serum + antibody + radiolabeled drug

serum and radiolabeled drug compete for antibody binding sites

we count for radioactivity

A

radioimmunoassay

61
Q

most common technique for testing of drug abuse

adsorption of drug to a solid support and elution by means of a mobile , liquid phase

A

chromatography

62
Q

screening for drug identification

A

thin layer chromatography (TLC)

63
Q

primarily for quantitating serum drug levels in TDM and also for confirming drug identification

A

HPLC or high-performance liquid chromatography

GLC or gas liquid chromatography

64
Q

spectral scan, used for tentative identification of drugs

no longer used because chromatography is more specific in results

A

spectrophotometry

65
Q

visible spectrum measures

A

salicylate

66
Q

ultraviolet spectrum measures

A

barbiturates

67
Q

fluorescence measures

A

quinidine

FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY (3 decks)

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