islam midterm Flashcards
confession of faith
shahada- can say it anywhere any time, no one has to hear it besides Allah
prayer
salat- five daily prayers towards Mecca. dawn (far), noon (zuhr), midafternoon (asr), sunset (Maghrib), and evening (isha)
almsgiving (sakat)
religious charity, 2.5% of yearly wealth. can be in money but also goods like animals, harvests, etc
fasting
sawm- ramadan- entire month from sunrise to sunset. everyone but children, sick, and people on periods. aimed to purify followers and help them understand past suffering. Ramadan is the month that allah recieved first revelation
pilgramage
hajj- physical and financial responsibility to travel to mecca at least once in your life. must go 12th lunar month. men shave head everyone wears same outfit to eliminate wealth
holy war
jihad- basically self defense when others attack first but has been misunderstood to mean war, terrorism, and unsanctioned attacks
battle of Karbala
680: between Husayn and Yazid. shia and sunni unfair war w/ many civilian deaths. Husayn agreed he had to keep fighting. Yazid asked for ackknowledgement of power from Husayn and they said no. Yazid trapped and killed them all. Yazid moved capital from Medinah to Damascus
what religions were uthman’s opposition from
other muslims
when did muhammed return to mecca for his final arrival and to free it?
630 CE, after the victory of his forces in the Muslim–Quraysh War. He entered the city peacefully with a large number of his followers.
battle of nahrwan- who won and who lost?
The Rashidun Caliphate won the Battle of Nahrawan in 658 CE, defeating the Kharijites
shia seveners
those wwho think the first seven caliphs are the true ones and no others are legitimate. also known at Isma’ilis. look down on sunnis
under which caliph did persia fall?
Umar
who were the crusades between? who benefitted, the west of islam?
christians and muslims
specifically france, england, and holy roman empire. meant to reclaim holy sites as christain and stop spread of islam. both the west and islam bennefitted but the west more so- they got cheaper eastern goods, advanced their civilization, and translated middle eastern works.
what year was the battle of siffin?
657
who were the wives of muhammad?
TWELVE TOTAL: 1) Khadijah bint Khuwaylid 2) Sawda bint Zama 3) Aishah bint Abi Bakr 4) Hafsah bint Umar 5) Zaynab bint Khuzaymah 6) Hind bint Abi Umayya (known as Umm Salama) 6) Zaynab bint Jahsh 7) Maymuna bint al-Harith 8) and Juwayriyah bint al-Harith were Arab; six of them were from Quraysh, and the rest were from other tribes.
imam huessein
regarded as the third Imam (leader) in Shia Islam after his brother, Hasan, and before his son, Ali al-Sajjad.
who established shia islam in persia?
The Safavid dynasty
Hadiths
sayings and deeds of the Prophet Muhammad that are a key source of Islamic law, ritual, and creed. They are second only to the Qurʾan in importance.
what year was the first Capitulation Treaty signed?
1740
who were the four caliphs?
Abu Bakr: 632-634
Ummar: 634-644- enforced zakat tax and protected borders with Persia and Byzantine
Uthman: 644-656- burned non-arabic Qurans
Ali: 656-661- appointed by Uthman opponents
what is the 1,001 night?
a tale about the golden age of islam. highlights its cultural richness but reflects on the unrealistic perception of it by younger muslims
what was the capital of persia during the shia dynasty?
Isfahan
under which caliph did persia fall?
umar
