Islam and The State Flashcards
Yathrib
Earliest Islamic state
Governed due to an agreement with the tribes of medina and muhammad
Became a caliphate after Muhammad’s death
Madrasahs were formed so scholars could develop the Islamic empire
Sunni
Shura
Consultation
Asking members of the ummah to assist with decision making
“Who conduct their affairs by mutual consultation” sura 43
Sunni
Broader Shura
More representation
Encourages loyalty
Impractical
Muhammad didn’t consult large groups
Sunni
Limited Shura
Most specialised have most influence
Representative Shura is present via prophethood and caliphs
Creates bias
Forms sectarian tensions
Sunni
Shura
Qutb
‘A caliph is only required to consult some of the rules’
Sunni
Madrasahs give licenses to become ulema members
Caliph elected via consensus
Governed by Shura
Held to account by ulema
Sunni
2 branches of government
The caliph and the ulema
Caliph held to account by ulema
“We obeyed our leaders and chiefs and they missed us from the right path” sura 33
Always question if in doubt
Sunni
Al Mawardi
If a caliph is severely ineffective they must be impeached by the majlies
Sunni
Al Ghazali
Oppression by a caliph is enough for impeachment
Shia
Leader of community should be in bloodline of prophet - immate doctrine
If in post occupation, guardianship of the Islamic jurist is used - Principle of a jurist taking stewardship over ummah
Shia
Guardianship of the Islamic jurist
Limited guardianship
No jurisdiction over legal matter
Purely religious leadership
Al - mu’amadat
Shia
Guardianship of the Islamic jurist
Absolute guardianship
Same as Imam
Power over religion and state
Al mu’madat and Al Ibadat
Shia
Iran
Constitution
Article 5, Shia ulema stands in for imam during occupation
Shia
Iran
Supreme leader
Makes final decisions on everything
Has to agree to presidential outcomes
Selects government ministers
Sole authority to declare war
Appoints media and network leaders
Shia
Iran
Guardian council
They approve presidential candidates
Directly or indirectly chosen by SL
Can dismiss majlies
Shia
Iran
President of Iran
Highest authority down from supreme leader
Can be dismissed by SL
Shia
Iran
Assembly of experts
Able to dismiss SL
Never have
Are selected for election via SL
Group of jurists
Shia
Mehdi Kurrobi
assembly of experts has become a ceremonial council who only pleases its leader
Consequently under house arrest for 7 years
Modernisation responses
Nationalist
Creation of nation states, eg) turkey
Alter to fit nation, very secular
Modernisation responses
Islamist
Strictly upholds sharia
Modernisation responses
Reform
Integration of Islamic and nationalist ideas
Eg) tanzimat reform turkey - Ottoman Empire integrated non Muslims, removed jizya
Modern Muslim state
Turkey
Recep Tayyip Erdogan
Desired religion to be separate from constitution
1920s- became secular, no sharia
Kermalism - influenced reform
13% of Turks believe Quran should influence Turkish law
Attitudes against secularism
Saudi Arabia
Developed Wahhabism as a rejection of the west
Modernised in an Islamist manner
Bin Laden- arising tensions with the west
Parallel western belief with moral decline
Classical sharia systems
Iran, Saudi Arabia
Mixed systems
Jordan - Religious courts have jurisdiction over all matters of “personal status”. This includes most family law matters such as marriage, divorce, child custody, and adoption or guardianship
