ISLAM AND THE ISLAMIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES

Question 1

Which regions experienced Islamization alongside the southern Philippines? (4)

Answer 1

• Borneo
• Sulawesi
• Celebes
• Moluccas

Question 2

When did Muslim Arab traders begin trading in the Philippines?

Answer 2

Likely before the 10th century.

Question 3

What brought Chinese attention to Borneo and its connection to the Philippines?

Answer 3

Muslim merchants trading in the Malay World.

Question 4

A sacred grave of a Muslim, dated 1310 AD, and a coronation site for Sulu Sultans.

Answer 4

Bud Dato in Jolo

Question 5

What does the grave at Bud Dato suggest about early Islam in the Philippines?

Answer 5

A Muslim settlement in Jolo existed by the late 13th or early 14th century.

Question 6

Who are the predominant group/tribe in Sulu?

Answer 6

Tausug

Question 7

A foreigner who married a local chieftain’s daughter and raised Muslim children in Jolo.

Answer 7

Tuan Masha’ika

Question 8

What did Tuan Mashaika’s arrival signify for Jolo?

Answer 8

The beginning of Islamization in Southern Philippines

Question 9

A holy man who arrived in Sulu in the second half of the 14th century and established a place of worship.

Answer 9

Karim ul Makhdum (also called Tuan Sharief Awliya)

Question 10

A leader from Sumatra who strengthened Islamic consciousness in Sulu in the late 14th or early 15th century.

Answer 10

Rajah Baguinda

Question 11

An Arab who married Rajah Baguinda’s daughter and founded the Sultanate of Sulu in the mid-15th century.

Answer 11

Sayyid Abu Bakr

Question 12

What did Abu Bakr contribute to Islam in Sulu?

Answer 12

He consolidated Islam, shaped political institutions along Islamic lines, and introduced the study of the Qur’an.

Question 13

What strategy did Abu Bakr use to convert hill people to Islam?

Answer 13

He offered food and clothing instead of fighting, promoting goodwill and understanding.

Question 14

What dream did Abu Bakr have that led to the conversion of his people?

Answer 14

A dream of living in a beautifully decorated house, interpreted by Abu Bakr as a metaphor for the new religion.

Question 15

Who is credited with introducing Islam into Mindanao?

Answer 15

Sharief Muhammad Kabungsuan

Question 16

From where did Sharief Muhammad Kabungsuan come?

Answer 16

Johore

Question 17

When did Sharief Muhammad Kabungsuan arrive in Mindanao?

Answer 17

In the first quarter of the 16th century.

Question 18

Who is said to have introduced Islam near present-day Cotabato City?

Answer 18

Sharief Awliya

Question 19

What is the mythical story associated with Sharief Awliya?

Answer 19

He reportedly came to Mindanao in search of Paradise, married a celestial maiden (houri), and had a daughter named Paramisuli.

Question 20

Another figure from Johore who is said to have married Paramisuli and arrived in the area of Slangan (Cotabato).

Answer 20

Sharief Maraja

Question 21

What is the lineage of the dumato clan of Maguindanao?

Answer 21

They trace their line back to Sharief Maraja, rivals of the clans descended from Sharief Kabungsuan.

Question 22

He is said to be the son of an Arab father and Malay mother and possibly a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad.

Answer 22

Sharief Muhammad Kabungsuan

Question 23

What happened to Kabungsuan’s companions during the migration?

Answer 23

They left him behind at Bongo Island, and he became established as a leader in Cotabato.

Question 24

What political authority did Sayyid Abu Bakr attain after his father-in-law’s death?

Answer 24

He succeeded Rajah Baguinda and founded the Sultanate of Sulu.

Question 25

What title is Sayyid Abu Bakr known by in Sulu?

Answer 25

Sultan Sharief ul Hashim.

Question 25

What is uncertain about Sharief Kabungsuan's settlement?

Answer 25

There is disagreement over whether he settled first among the Llanun people of Illana Bay or near present-day Malabang before moving to Cotabato.

Question 26

Who claims conversion to Islam through Kabungsuan?

Answer 26

Llanun and Maguindanao peoples.

Question 27

How is Kabungsuan characterized religiously?

Answer 27

Devout, learned Muslim with proselytizing zeal.

Question 28

How did Kabungsuan establish power?

Answer 28

Through conquest and diplomacy.

Question 29

With whom did Kabungsuan form an alliance?

Answer 29

Maguindanaon datus.

Question 30

Which region did Kabungsuan Islamize?

Answer 30

Buayan

Question 31

How did Kabungsuan secure his status?

Answer 31

By marrying daughters of local datus.

Question 32

What political structure did Kabungsuan help create?

Answer 32

The Maguindanaon Sultanate

Question 33

What titles did Kabungsuan and his successors use?

Answer 33

Shariefs or datus

Question 34

Who was the first Maguindanao ruler referred to as "Sultan"?

Answer 34

Qudarat

Question 35

What role did the Sulu Sultanate play in Islamization?

Answer 35

Reinforced Islamization of Maguindanaon and Llanun peoples.

Question 36

Who helped strengthen Muslim consciousness in Maguindanao?

Answer 36

Religious teachers from Jolo, Brunei, and the Moluccas.

Question 37

Who ordered the arrest of Islamic preachers from Brunei?

Answer 37

Governor-General de Sande

Question 38

He reported the Proclamation of the law of Mahoma, mosques built, boys circumcised, schools teaching the Qur'an.

Answer 38

Bishop de Salazar

Question 39

By the end of the sixteenth century, what status did the Maguindanao achieve?

Answer 39

Incorporated into dar-al-Islam, able to count on military aid from neighboring Muslim states like Ternate.

Question 40

How did Islam spread from Cotabato and Malabang?

Answer 40

Along the coast and rivers to Sarangani Bay, Gulf of Davao, and Northern Mindanao.

Question 41

Who may have converted the Maranao people to Islam?

Answer 41

Sharief Kabungsuan, according to some local traditions.

Question 42

How might the Maranao people have been converted to Islam, aside from Sharief Kabungsuan's influence?

Answer 42

Through contacts and intermarriages with Lanun and Maguindanao Muslims over time.

Question 43

What did Spanish missionaries report about the datus of the Lake Lanao area in 1640?

Answer 43

They reported that the datus were Muslims, but not all their followers were.

Question 44

Why were parts of Lanao considered potentially fruitful fields for Christian missionary work?

Answer 44

Because not all followers of the Muslim datus were Muslims at that time.

Question 45

Who possibly spread Islam from Cotabato to Bukidnon and Lake Lanao?

Answer 45

Sharief Alawi

Question 46

When did Islamization in the Maranao area begin?

Answer 46

Late 16th or early 17th century.

Question 47

Was Islamization completed by the mid-17th century?

Answer 47

No, it completed by the late 19th century.

Question 48

What do Maranao tarsilas indicate about their ancestry?

Answer 48

Trace lineage to Sharief Kabungsuan.

Question 49

WHAT initiated the Islamization of the Cotabato area in the middle of the 15th `century?

Answer 49

Arrival of Muslim missionaries, possibly of Arab descent, via the Sulu archipelago.

Question 50

Who are the legendary figures associated with the first Muslim settlements in the Pulangi River Basin? (2)

Answer 50

Sharief Awliya and Sharief Maraja

Question 51

What significant event coincided with the arrival of Sharief Muhammad Kabungsuan in the first quarter of the 16th century?

Answer 51

The collapse of the Majapahit empire and the arrival of Europeans in Malaysia.

Question 52

How did the ruling families of Buayan and Cotabato contribute to Islamization?

Answer 52

They were Muslims who accelerated the process through marriage alliances with neighboring principalities.

Question 53

What did the arrival of Bornean and Ternatean preachers signify?

Answer 53

Increased religious influence before the end of the 16th century.

Question 54

It marked a general awareness among Mindanao Muslims of their belonging to a wider dar-al-Islam.

Answer 54

Sultan Qudarat's reign

Question 55

How did Islamic attitudes change with Spanish colonization attempts in the early 17th century?

Answer 55

There was a stiffening of Islamic attitudes and an acceleration of Islamization in the Maranao area.