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Grade 11 World Religions > Islam > Flashcards

Islam Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Muslim

A

a believer in Islam

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2
Q

Define: Polytheist

A

A believer in more than one God

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3
Q

Define: Allah

A

Arabic word for God; Muslims worship the same God as Christians and Jews, but some of the revelations are interpreted differently. The word “Allah” is a unique word because it is genderless

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4
Q

Define: Bedouin

A

a nomadic or wandering tribesperson of the Arabian, Syrian, or North African deserts

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5
Q

Define: Hijra

A

Arabic word meaning “migration”

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6
Q

Define: Hajj

A

Arabic word meaning “pilgrimage”; the pilgrimage to Mecca that Muslims are asked to make at least once in their lifetime, if they are healthy and can afford it

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7
Q

Define: Shi’ite

A

Muslims who believe that leadership of the Muslim community should be passed down through the direct descendants of the Prophet. Shi’ites form the majority of the population in Iraq and Iran

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8
Q

Define: Sunni

A

Muslims who believe that community leaders do not have to be descended from the Prophet. The name Sunni comes from Sunna. Sunnis make up the majority of the world’s Muslim population.

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9
Q

What is the Sunna?

A

It is a collection of the words, actions, and practices of Mohammad, as taken down and transmitted by his inner circle of family and friends.

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10
Q

Define: Mosque

A

a place where Muslims gather for group worship

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11
Q

Define: Imam

A

A Muslim leader of prayer and giver of sermons in the Mosque

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12
Q

Define: Zakat

A

the Muslim obligation to pay 2.5% of one’s wealth to the needy

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13
Q

Define: Umma

A

the Muslim community

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14
Q

Define: Sufi

A

Muslim who uses mysticism to gain a special understanding of Allah that goes beyond rational thought. Sufis can be Sunni or Shi’ite

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15
Q

Define: Patriarchal society

A

society in which women are defined by their relationships to men (father, husband, uncle, brother, or son)

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16
Q

Define: Hijab

A

Arabic word for “cover”; a scarf that covers most if not all of a woman’s hair

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17
Q

Define: Halal

A

Permissible, usually refers to foods that are allowed

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18
Q

Define: Nasheeds

A

music that is traditionally sung a cappella, accompanied only by the beat of a large drum; Nasheeds often consist of religious stories and recitations of the Qur’an

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19
Q

Define: Khalifa

A

The Muslim duty of stewardship that lies at the heart of Muslim ecological ethics; although Khalifa refers to other areas of responsibility, it is used to make a point that certain destructive environmental actions such as polluting water and wantonly killing animals, are forbidden and the environment in part, since many come from desert regions where conservation is of ultimate importance, particularly of water. Echoing contemporary ecological ethics, Abousaleh said, “Islam teaches we’re set to take care of the Earth”

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20
Q

What are the statistics of Islam?

A

~Among the fastest growing groups in Canada, mostly coming from new immigrants
~ Less than half of the 650 000 Canadian Muslims were born here
~Most Canadian Muslims live in urban centres ex. GTA
~61% of Canadian Muslims live in Ontario
~Many Muslims feel that the media negatively portrays their faith since 9/11

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21
Q

Why did the Five Pillars start?

A

~As Islam spread to other nations, Muslim theologians wanted to ensure that new converts understood how to perform the rituals by which Muslims express their faith and identify themselves as Muslims
~These rituals are the Five Pillars and they are the main ritual acts of the Muslim faith
~They describe in practical terms how Muslims are to worship, or what it means to be a Muslim
~The aim is to help believers to state in word and in action that they are members of the Muslim community

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22
Q

What is the First of the Five Pillars?

A

In Muslim it is “Shahadah”. In English it is “Creed”
~The Muslims profession of faith; “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah”
~The underlying belief of Islam. There is only one God; no one and nothing should be worshipped but Allah; for Muslims, Muhammad is the final Messenger of God
~The Shahadah is the sign of belonging to the Muslim community. A person need only to say it aloud before two witnesses to be legally considered a Muslim

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23
Q

What is the Second of the Five Pillars?

A

In Muslim it is “Salat”. In English it is “Prayer”
~The ritual prayer of praise and adoration of God that Muslims are required to say five times a day
~Involves both quiet verbal prayer and gestures
~Whenever possible, Muslims try to attend a place of worship for their prayers. But prayer can take place at home, at work, or anywhere, as long as the place is clean
~Many Muslim travellers and workers carry a prayer mat for such purposes
~On Fridays, Muslims attend mosque for prayer
~As well as praying five times daily at specified times and with others at the mosque, Muslims can also pray privately throughout the day

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24
Q

What is du’a?

A

Private prayer throughout the day aside from prayer at the mosque and the five times daily

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25
Q

What is the Third of the Five Pillars?

A

In Muslims “Zakat”. In English “Almsgiving”
~Asks believers to give to those in need
~Muslims with a certain amount of money or goods have to donate some of their savings, after debt, to the needy, to build mosques or to similar causes

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26
Q

What is the Fourth of the Five Pillars?

A

In Muslim “Sawn” in English “Fasting”
~occurs during Ramadan
~Marks beginning of Qur’an which encourages people to spend more time reading the Qur’an and praying
~During daylight hours of Ramadan, Muslims abstains from food, water, evil thoughts and other indulgences (the sick, the elderly, pregnant women and children may be excused).
~During the evenings, families/ friends gather and break the fast with food and merriment
~Ends with the 3 Day Feast of Eid al-Fitr (The Festival of Breaking the Fast) marked by special family meals and gift giving

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27
Q

What is Ramadan?

A

the month in which Muhammad received the divine message of Allah

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28
Q

What is the Fifth of the Five Pillars?

A

In Muslim “Hajj” in English “Pilgrimage”
~required only once in a lifetime: a pilgrimage (called hajj) to the Kaaba in Mecca
~ Only those Muslims who can afford to make the pilgrimage without causing hardships to their dependants or whose health allows are expected to do so
~Hajj is the supreme experience for Muslims
~Those who have made the pilgrimage may add “hajj” to their names
~hajj is the largest annual pilgrimage in the world.
~Filled with symbolic rituals that recall events from the time of Abraham, and Muhammad
~ Hajj is seen as a time when Muslims should particularly strive to live honest and holy lives and to focus their minds on Allah
~ Through the hajj, Muslims strengthen their sense of unity with God, with their religious heritage, and with other Muslims
~ Faithfulness to the Five Pillar reveals a Muslim’s devotion to God
~ Each pillar is a form of worship and each pillar reminds believers what it means to surrender to God.

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29
Q

Explain Pilgrimage Clothing

A

~ On their way to Mecca, pilgrims must put on special clothing called ihram
~ Men are expected to wear two seamless garments made from white cloth. Women wear clothes that conceal their bodies and hair, leaving their hands and faces uncovered.
~ Ihram has two aims: to emphasize equality and to remind pilgrims that in death they will leave behind all material things.

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30
Q

Explain The Kaaba

A

~ At the heart of hajj is the Kaaba, the cube-shaped shrine in the center of the great Mosque in Mecca
~ The Kaaba is the holiest place for Muslims
~ On entering the great Mosque pilgrims circle the Kaaba seven times, to symbolize the seven times that Ibrahim circled it.

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31
Q

What is a Sufi?

A

Sufi is a mystical philosophy of Islam. Whirling Dervishes demonstrate prayer through dance. The goal is to develop spiritually, both inwardly and outwardly, in order to discover the reality of God.

32
Q

Why did the Shi’ites ans Sunni’s start?

A

After the death of Muhammad, Muslims could not agree on who should succeed him. Thus, very early on Islam split into two groups: Shi’ite Muslims and Sunni Muslims. The Shi’ites and Sunni’s are deeply divivded.
When Muhammad died, his friend Abu Bakr became the Muslim caliph (leader).
However, not everyone wanted Abu Bakr to be caliph. Some wanted Ali, a cousin of Muhammad to be the caliph because he was directly related to Muhammad.

33
Q

What is a Shi’ite?

A
  • Shi’ite Muslims chose their leaders based on
    their blood relationship to Muhammad
  • Place more importance on the role of
    individual leaders and the authority of religious
    leaders.
  • Approx. 10% of the world’s Muslims
34
Q

What is a Sunni?

A
  • Sunni Muslims believe that the person best suited to the position should lead the Muslim community
  • Sunni Muslims emphasize on an individual’s direct relationship with Allah, without a human mediator.
  • Approx. 90% of the world’s Muslims.
35
Q

Explain: The Mosque

A
  • Muslims gather to create a Mosque
  • Supposedly Mohammad built the first Mosque
  • At the end of his migration (Hijra) from Mecca to Medina, villagers urged him to live under their protection which Mohammad refused
  • He asked them to let go of his camel’s reins. They freed the camel in an old cemetery and knelt, prompting Mohammad to dismount
  • Tradition says Mohammad built a house including a Mosque on that cemetery
  • Following this example, Muslims build Mosques wherever there is a Muslim community
36
Q

Explain: Jumu’ah (Friday Prayer)?

A

o The community gathers soon after midday to worship
o Men preform the Friday prayer. Women may join them or pray at home
o After the call to prayer, the Iman leads the congregation in prayers and gives a sermon that shows how the Quar’an can be applied to everyday life
o Muslim communities close businesses and other activities during Friday prayer. In Canada, where Muslims are a minority, some employers grant Muslims’ requests for time on Friday to perform these prayers

37
Q

What are the features of the Mosque?

A

o Mosques vary in appearance, size, ad building materials but they all have common features and routines
o Five times a day, from the top of a tower beside or in a mosque, Muslims are called to prayer by a prayer caller
o Worshippers gather and perform ritual washing in an open courtyard before entering the prayer area. There is a place for storing footwear, because shoes are not allowed in the prayer halls. These actions are a sign that outer cleanliness can lead to inner purity
o There is no benches or chairs, just a large open area which is usually carpeted. The only decorations are verses from the Qur’an or other sacred phrases written in calligraphy. Sometimes the hall will be divided, with one section for men and one for women. Salat involved a lot of movement. It was thought that mixing men and women in these actions could lead to distractions or impure thoughts.
o When praying, Muslims must face the direction of Mecca. The direction is shown by an alcove or recessed area
o At Friday prayer, an imam gives a sermon from the pulpit.

38
Q

What is the Sunna?

A

It was written by Muhammad’s inner circle. It is a first hand account. It consists of stories about the life, words and actions of the Prophet Muhammad

39
Q

What is the Hadith?

A

It was written by Muhammad’s “outer circle”. It came after the Sunna. It is not held in as high of a regard as the Sunna. Less trusted. It consists of stories about the life, words and actions of the Prophet Muhammad

40
Q

What is a caliph?

A

The leader of the Muslim community

41
Q

What is Ihram?

A

Pilgrimage clothing

42
Q

What is Haram?

A

Food that they cannot eat

43
Q

What holy site is in Mecca?

A

The ka’aba (cube). It is the holiest place in the holiest city, Reputedly built by Abraham. It contains the black stone that pilgrims come to kiss. They say the stone was white but turned black with the kisses of worshipers seeking forgiveness

44
Q

What holy site is in Medina?

A

The Prophet’s Mosque. It contains his tomb and the site of the very first mosque.

45
Q

What holy site is in Jerusalem?

A

The Dome of the Rock. It was built 685-91 on the place where Muhammad ascended to heaven as a shrine for pilgrims

46
Q

Explain: The Life of Muhammad

A

~Founded by Muhammad who was born in 570 CE in Mecca
~People in Mecca were polytheistic at this time.
~By 25 he marries a much older widow named Khadijah
~In 610 CE, the angel Gabriel appeared to him at Mount Hira and ordered him to recite a revelation. The angel told him he was the messenger of God
~Muhammad did not believe him at first but eventually accepted that he was a great prophet from a lineage of prophets that included Abraham, Moses and Jesus
~ He began to preach to people about his belief in only one God
~ Many people in Mecca didn’t like his ideas so he had to leave the city
~In 622 CE the people of Medina offered him a place to settle
~Muhammad led the Muslims from Mecca to Medina (Hijra)
~In 632 CE, Muhammad returned to Mecca after the war between the Muslims and the Meccans was over and Mecca had adopted the religion of Islam

47
Q

What does Islam mean?

A

submission to God

48
Q

What is Abraham’s role in Islam?

A

They believe that Abraham was the forefather of the religion. They also believe he had a son before Issac. The boy was Ishmael and his mother was Abraham’s servant Hagar. Sarah was childless and grew jealous so God told Abraham to bless Ishmael and send him and his mother into the desert. Eventually they ran out of water. Hagar ran back and forth between to tall rocks seven times. Finally resting on one of the rocks, she heard an angels voice tell her not to be afraid and then all of the sudden water sprouted from the sand at Ishmael’s heels. This became the famous well Zamzam, where Mecca was born. Muslims believe Abraham traveled to see Ishmael and then God to him to build a holy sanctuary at Zamzam. This was called the Ka’aba (sometimes meaning House of God).

49
Q

Define: Tawhid

A

is an Islamic term that describes the Unity of God.

Anything that distracts from the unity of God such as money, possessions, nationalism or reputation is to be avoided

50
Q

Define: Mahdi

A

Saviour

51
Q

Explain the Milestone Birth

A

~the first sound a newborn baby hears is the call to prayer, spoken into the baby’s right ear. This is called ADHAN.
~A naming ceremony is held in the presence of family and friends. This is called AQIQA.
~Hair is often cut from the baby or it’s head is shaved
~The hair is weighed and the equivalent amount of silver is given to the poor
~The naming ceremony is also used as an entrance rite for adult converts in Islam
~believe males should be circumcised

52
Q

Explain the Milestone of Marriage

A

~some practices are traced back to Muhammad but many are the product of local cultures
~The Qur’an allows males to practice polygamy (up to 4 wives) but most do not
~Marriage establishes a bond between the families of the bride and groom as well as between the spouses. For this reason many are arranged.
~Islamic law sets the rights and responsibilities between the husband and the wife and their families
~Divorce is permitted but strongly discouraged
~The wedding ceremony (NIKAH) is simple
~Qur’an is read, vows are exchanged in front of witnesses for both partners, and the leader of the mosque often preforms the ceremony

53
Q

Explain the Milestone of Death

A

~The last words of a dying Muslim should be the Shahadah, the proclamation of faith
~After the person dies, the corpse is washed, covered, and buried as soon as possible. They are laid on their side.
~The body is buried with the face towards Mecca, imitation the direction of prayer

54
Q

Explain the Qur’an

A
  • Shahadah (1st pillar) “I bear witness that there is no God but Allah. And I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.”
  • Sums up Muslim scripture – voice of Allah spoken to Muhammad by Gabriel
  • Guidance on how to worship, behave, see the world.
  • Qur’an wrapped to keep clean in homes, on highest furniture, nothing put on it.
  • Children start learning it in young age (in Arabic). Anyone who memorize the whole thing known as hafiz (memorizer)
55
Q

Explain the Organization of the Qur’an

A
  • Divided into 114 Suras (chapters)
  • Al-Fatiha, opening chapter, is very short. Starting from Sura #2 onward, longest to shortest
  • Each Sura may have names.
  • Most start with “In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the Merciful.”
  • Qur’an not in sequential pattern: organized like classical music with repetitive themes and dramatic movements.
56
Q

Explain the themes in the Qur’an

A
  • The following themes are woven throughout the Qur’an
    o People need to submit to the will of Allah.
  • The word “Islam” means “to surrender”. “Muslim” means “one who surrenders”.
  • For Muslims, life is a struggle (jihad) to submit to Allah’s will
  • Polytheistic practices (worship of more than one God) is condemned.
    o Allah requires that people pray
    o Allah is beyond definition and has many dimensions. Allah is compassionate, merciful, and a stern judge but not remote or distant
57
Q

Explain the creation of the Qur’an

A
  • Many of these verses portray views of creation similar to Christianity and Judaism:
    o Since Allah is the Creator of all things, the creation has dignity. When we violate this dignity, we harm Allah’s work.
    o Allah has always sent prophets to warn people to return to the paths of justice and mercy. Muslims show their devotion to God by observing Allah’s moral commands, striving to follow God’s will, and by doing rituals including prayer and zakat
    o A final judgement and resurrection of the faithful will take place at the end of time.
58
Q

What is the Shariah?

A

it is a set of moral rules that Muslims follow that were set out by Allah

59
Q

What is the Fiqh?

A

It is an interpretation of the Shariah

60
Q

What is a Fatwa?

A

It is a religious edict (decree or order)

61
Q

Explain: Dietary Laws

A

~Muslims dietary laws are similar to kosher laws except Muslims can eat shellfish
~If halal foods are not available then they can eat kosher foods instead as the kosher process is much stricter than the halal process

62
Q

What is Madrasa?

A

Muslim school

63
Q

What is Id-ul-Fitr?

A

The festival of breaking the fast.

  • Ramadan ends with Id-ul-Fitr marked by special family meals & gift giving. Begins when the moon is visible & the next month begins (Shawwal).
  • The 1st day begins with a light meal, & then Muslims meet at the mosque for prayers & to reunite with friends & relatives.
64
Q

What is Id-ul-Adha?

A

The feast of Sacrifice.

  • Occurs during the month of Dhul-Hijjah. Sacrifices of a sheep or goat may be made that morning to Allah & one-third is given to the poor.
  • Gifts are exchanged with friends & family. This festival is longer & more important than Id-ul-Fitr.
65
Q

What is Jihad?

A

Exertion or struggle

Sometimes viewed as the 6th pillar

66
Q

What is a minaret?

A

A prayer caller

67
Q

What are Minbars?

A

short flight of steps used as a platform by a preacher in a mosque

68
Q

What is a mihrab?

A

Where the imam delivers his sermon

AKA pulpit

69
Q

What is a hafiz?

A

Anybody who memorized the Qur’an

70
Q

What is significant about Mount Hira?

A

It is where angel Gabriel appeared to Muhammad and ordered him to recite a revelation, telling that he was God’s messenger

71
Q

What is Polygamy?

A

When a male marries up to 4 women. They must all be treated equally

72
Q

What did the Whirling Dervishes do?

A

Demonstrate prayer through dance

73
Q

What is the Qibla wall?

A

The direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during salat

74
Q

Who is Abu Bakr?

A

One of the early converts to Islam, a close friend and confidant of Muhammad. After his death, he became the first caliph. His two year rule included conquest of the lands that are now Syria and Iraq.

75
Q

What are Suras?

A

Chapters in the Qur’an

76
Q

Explain: Star and Crescent Moon

A

The symbol of Islam. Has more to do with history than with Islam itself

77
Q

Who is Khadija?

A

An older widow that Muhammad married when he was 25, she was the first to believe the claims that angel Gabriel made about Muhammad being a messenger of the lord. Even though Muhammad married several times after her death it’s believed that he didn’t love any of them like he did her.

Grade 11 World Religions (5 decks)

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