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Grade 11 World Religions > Christianity > Flashcards

Christianity Flashcards

1
Q

Who is St. Paul?

A

often referred to as the founder of Christianity along with St. Peter. Came from Jerusalem to Rome to build the early Christian community and establish the Church which is still the central place for Christianity

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2
Q

Who is Gutenberg?

A

Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press & the Bible was the first book printed

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3
Q

Who is Menno Simmons?

A

Founder of the Mennonites

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4
Q

Who is Constantine?

A
  • In 313 CE, Roman Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan which declared that Christians were free to worship without interference. Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire.
    ~Created Ecumenical councils.
    ~Gathered Bishops in Nicaea to judge Arius.
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5
Q

Who is Martin Luther?

A

Founded Lutheranism (“Faith Alone”)

  • An Augustinian monk named Luther disagreed with the idea of indulgences (paying towards reducing a deceased’s time in purgatory)
  • Luther presented these criticisms in the 95 Theses, which resulted in his excommunication
  • The Pope demanded a retraction, & was met with the force of Luther, Prince Frederick (who translated the Bible into German) & by 1526, several other German Princes.
  • In 1529 war broke out. Luther died in 1546 leaving a legacy of freedom from tyrannical authorities or law. This conflict split the Western Church into Catholics & Protestants of which he is the founder.
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6
Q

Who is Loyola?

A

Founder of one of the most effective groups countering reformers: The Jesuits

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7
Q

Who is Henry VIII?

A
  • Under King Henry VII’s reign, England went from a Catholic country under the Pope’s authority to a Protestant nation with the King as the head of the church.
  • As a result of the Pope’s reluctance to annul King Henry VII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon, King Henry declared himself head of the church & broke ties with Rome.
  • He ignored the authority of the Pope & supported the destruction of monasteries yet did not change the Catholic doctrine or mass.
  • The Act of Supremacy: King Henry had his workers sign this Act denouncing Catholicism & stating that he was the head of the Anglican Church.
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8
Q

Who is Thomas More?

A

Was the friend and advisor of King Henry. He refused to sign the Act and died as a martyr of Catholicism by Henry’s hands.

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9
Q

Who is Arius?

A

the man who believed Jesus was God’s highest creature, not God himself

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10
Q

What is the Pentecost?

A

Christian festival commemorating the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the apostles to help them spread the Christian faith.

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11
Q

What is schism?

A

a separation, but not a full break, of two churches on the basis of a dispute over beliefs or practices

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12
Q

What are the Apostles?

A

followers of Jesus who were sent forth to bring the Gospel to others; the 12 especially chosen among the disciples by Jesus

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13
Q

What is Atheism?

A

of Greek origin meaning “no God”; a person who does not believe in God, or in any other higher power or reality

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14
Q

What is a disciple?

A

literally, a student; here it means a follower of Jesus

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15
Q

What is an Evangelist?

A

a writer of a Gospel of the New Testament

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16
Q

What is Heresy?

A

a belief or practice that is contrary to the doctrine

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17
Q

What is an Icon?

A

a sacred image (in a painting or a carving, for example) of Christ & the saints used in devotion & other religion rituals

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18
Q

What is Iconoclasm?

A

breaking icons (images used in religious worship)

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19
Q

Explain: Orthodox

A

word meaning “those who believe correctly” or “those who glorify God correctly”; Orthodox Christians’ origins coincide with the origin of Christianity

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20
Q

What is transubstantiation?

A

changing of bread & wine into the body & blood of Christ during Holy Communion

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21
Q

What is the Trinity?

A

Christian belief of the 3 persons in God; the Father, the son (Jesus Christ), & the Holy Spirit

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22
Q

What are Indulgences?

A

prayers or actions in the Roman Catholic Church that are believed to free the individual from spending a specified period of time in purgatory

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23
Q

What is the Filioque Clause?

A

Latin word meaning “& the son” added to the Nicene Creed by the Western/Roman, Church

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24
Q

What is Papal Infallibility?

A

Roman Catholic belief that the pope cannot err when speaking on matters of faith & morals in his role as head of the Church

25
Q

Explain: The Crusades

A

an attempt to ward off the Muslim armies that threatened the Christian Bryzanite Empire & to allow Christians to make the pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

26
Q

What are two things that bind all Christians?

A
  1. Confession of Jesus Christ

2. Baptism

27
Q

What are two sacraments that all Christians practice?

A
  1. Eucharist

2. Baptism

28
Q

Explain the Ecumenical Movement

A

the movement toward unity among the Christian churches; “ecumenism” comes from the Greek word meaning “the whole inhabited world” & reflects Jesus’s desire that his word be spread to the whole of the human race

  • Ecumenism is the movement toward unity among churches
  • 20th century: churches of the Protestant Reformation realized that divisions within Christianity were hurting the mission of the church
  • 1910: the World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh, Scotland, started the modern ecumenical movement
  • 1948: the World Council of Churches was formed
  • Almost all Christian churches agreed that divisions went against the desire for unity among his followers
  • At first, the Catholic Church refused to participate in the World Council of Churches (WCC).
  • 1965: during the Second World War, the Church passed a Decree on Ecumenism & committed the Catholic Church to dialogue with other Christians
  • Now, the Catholic Church participates in all the WCCs commissions, even though it is not a full member of the WCC
29
Q

Explain how we went from religious intolerance to tolerance

A
  • During the Thirty Years’ War between Catholics & Protestants (1618-1648), nearly one-third of the population of the German states died
    Religious Tolerance Begins
  • The idea of religious tolerance started to become popular with the Enlightenment
  • The tolerance was twofold:
    o Tolerance between religions &,
    o Tolerance by governments for the different religions practiced in their countries
  • The Enlightenment also led to opposition toward religion in general
  • Catholic & Protestant conflict settled down as nations began to develop laws of religious tolerance
  • Not until the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) did official dialogue & openness between Catholics & Protestants become a reality
30
Q

Explain: Protestant Reformation

A

Religious movement in Europe during the sixteenth century that led to establishment of the Protestant Churches
of the

31
Q

Explain: The Catholic Reformation

A
  • In response to Protestant Reformation, Catholicism began to renew itself
  • Pope Paul III called the Council of Trent between 1545 & 1563 which clarified Catholic teaching on important issues & addressed how to prevent abuses of church offices
  • The Council:
    o Affirmed the importance of the teaching tradition in the Church as a necessary interpretation of the scriptures & the importance of the 7 sacraments
    o Responded to Luther’s insistence that people need faith for salvation, but rejected his idea that faith “alone” without good works was all that was needed
    o Insisted that priests needed improved education so they could instruct & serve the people better
  • The Council of Trent & the reform of the Catholic Church did not succeed in restoring unity in Christianity
  • The main effort was to convince the Protestants of their error & bring them to conversion
  • Sometimes this worked, but in many countries Catholics & Protestants fought each other
32
Q

Explain: Ichthus

A

Ichthus: Christianity was illegal until the time of Emperor Constantine. This symbol indicated a place of Christian worship

33
Q

Explain: Chi Rho

A

Chi Rho: the Greek symbol for Christ (Christos). Chi = x, & rho = R/P

34
Q

How can Christians contribute to Ecumenism?

A
  1. Study the scripture: which are the foundations of Christian life & the Christian churches
  2. Pray always: especially the Lord’s prayer; take part in the week of prayer for Christian unity
  3. Bring people together: always be hospitable, never exclude anyone, always be in solidarity with the poor & the oppressed, & be a friend to all
  4. Take part in local ecumenical activities: involving Catholics & other Christian groups, such as meetings, retreats, or volunteering
  5. Visit churches: & talk to people who belong to them to find out what they believe & how they live.
35
Q

List the four foundation stones of Christianity

A
  1. Keeping the Memory of Jesus Alive
  2. Professing One’s faith: The Creeds
  3. The Ministers of the Church
  4. Ecumenical Councils
36
Q

Explain: Keeping the Memory of Jesus alive

A
  • Apostles wrote down 27 books worth of Jesus’ teachings (the new testament) during the 1st century
  • The New Testament includes the Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, the letters & the Book of Revelation
  • The Letters of Paul were written in the 50’s CE before the Gospels to the churches he visited. They document Paul’s life, his faith in Jesus Christ & his concern for the churches he founded.
37
Q

Explain: Professing one’s faith: The Creeds

A
  • Creeds are brief professions of faith from the Gospel developed for use in Eucharist & Baptism.
  • They ensure that all Christians profess the same faith.
38
Q

Explain Ministers of the Church

A
  • All churches constructed after Jesus’ death were constructed with episcopos (overseer/head bishop) who were seen as successors of the Apostles.
  • They were responsible for preaching the Gospel & keeping people faithful to the creeds
  • St. Justin & Iraneus of Lyons are known as the church fathers
39
Q

Explain Ecumenical Councils

A
  • Created by Emperor Constantine & beginning in 325 CE
  • Emperor Constantine gathered Bishops in Nicaea to judge Arius (the man who believed Jesus was God’s highest creature, not God himself). The Nicene Creed derived from this to clarify Jesus’ divinity.
  • There have been 21 Ecumenical Councils
40
Q

Explain: Calvinism

A

Founded by John Calvin
Five Points of Main Beliefs:
1. Humans cannot perform acts that contribute to their salvation.
2. Those who will be saved by God’s mercy are predetermined.
3. Christ died in the place of sinners & only those who are elected by Him will be saved.
4. The power of the Holy Spirit will overcome all obstacles the elect put in the way of God’s purposes.
5. God’s saving will cannot be opposed definitively. Those whom God has elected will be saved despite their actions.

41
Q

Explain: Anabaptists

A
  • Includes Mennonites (founded by Menno Simmons). They –Anabaptists – believe in Adult Baptism & Pacifism (peace & opposition to war).
  • They are devoted to the Bible & social justice.
42
Q

Explain Anglicanism/ Church of England

A

~Started when Henry’s marriage was not annulled and he created the Act of Supremacy making him the head of the Anglican Church

  • Under Henry VII’s son’s rule (King Edward VI) Protestantism became more pronounced. Mass became structured by the Book of Common Prayer.Church images were dismantled, vestments were forbidden, & stone alters were replaced with wooden communion tables.
  • After Edward’s 5 year reign, his sister Mary (a devout Catholic) burned people who refused to convert to Catholicism at the stake. After her 5 year reign, Elizabeth became Queen.
  • Elizabeth reintroduced Protestantism during her 45 year reign & also kept many ancient traditions of the church.
  • Anglicanism is the middle way between Catholicism & Reformed Protestantism
43
Q

What is the Book of Common Prayer?

A

the primary liturgical prayer book for Anglicans

44
Q

What is the Magisterium?

A

it is the authority that lays down what is the authentic teaching of the Church. For the Catholic Church, that authority is vested uniquely in the pope and the bishops who are in communion with him

45
Q

What is a canon?

A

Members of certain religious orders in the Roman Catholic Church composed of priests and some choir canons who live in community, together in the past with lay brothers

46
Q

Explain Vatican II

A

During the Second Vatican Council in 1965, the Church passed a decree on ecumenism and committed the Catholic Church to dialogue (official dialogue between Catholics and Protestants became a reality)

47
Q

What is a Gentile?

A

One who is not Jewish: Christian

48
Q

What is Incarnation?

A

The doctrine that God’s son became fully human in Jesus Christ while fully divine. Christ was active in the creation of the world and now, through Incarnation is the means for salvation.

49
Q

What is the Pope?

A

The head of the Roman Catholic Church (the Eastern Orthodox Church rejected the authority of the pope during the Eastern schism)

50
Q

What is a martyr?

A

a person who is killed because of their religious (or other) beliefs

51
Q

What is the Eucharist?

A

The main ritual of Catholicism. it is believed (by Catholics) to be the source and summit of the Church’s life and mission. According to the Catholic Church, full communion will be achieved when all can fully participate in the Eucharist.

52
Q

Who are Bishops?

A

Each church had a bishop at its head; Bishops were seen as successors of the Apostles. They were responsible for preaching the gospel and keeping the people faithful to the creeds. The early bishops are known as the church fathers

53
Q

Define: Catholic

A

the Western sect of Christianity (after the Catholic Reformation); which believes in the authority of the pope

54
Q

Explain: tradition

A

The stories, beliefs, etc., that have been part of the culture or a group of people for a long time

55
Q

Explain: Church of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher

A

A church within the walls of the Old City of Jerusalem where Jesus Christ was crucified

56
Q

Explain the Bible

A

Compromised of the Old Testament (The Hebrew Bible (and the New Testament (including the Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, the Letters of Paul, and the Book of Revelation); the Christian Bible is the cornerstone of the religion, defining the beliefs of the faith

57
Q

Nicaea

A

A town where the first Church council was held

58
Q

Explain: Monasteries

A

Is a place where a community of monks or nuns live in prayer and work. both East and West monasteries developed a form of Christian life that has greatly influenced how Christians see holiness and spirituality

59
Q

Interreligious Dialogue

A

Interfaith dialogue is not just words or talk. It includes human interactions and relationships. It can take place between individuals and communities and on many levels. The dialogue’s aim is not only to arrive at mutual understanding and friendly relations. It runs deeper; all can give witness to what they believe, all can deepen their religion commitment and all can seek to understand one another’s way of life

Grade 11 World Religions (5 decks)

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