Islam Flashcards
BEFORE Islam, what kind of tribes existed on the Arab peninsula?
What kind of life did they live?
What kind of environment did they live in?
How did they supplement their income?
What merchant town existed far south in the Arabian peninsula?
Decentralized Arab tribes in the Arabian peninsula.
Semi-nomadic pastoralists.
Barren dry dessert environment, with limited wells and grazing grounds.
Supplemented their income with trade connections across the desert on the silk road.
Mecca
MUHAMMAD YAY
What was he known as in his community (three names)?
What happened to Muhammad? When? How?
What did the angel Gabriel emphasize?
He was known as orphaned, a merchant, and a peacemaker.
The prophecy and message from the angel Gabriel came about around 600’s to 7th century CE (he was 40 years old).
The angel Gabriel came down to Muhammad and emphasized faith in God (of Abraham), equality of believers in Islam, against pre-Islamic female infanticide, and he was against polytheism.
THE BUILDING OF UMMA IN MEDINA
What is the name of the departure from Mecca to Medina?
What started the Islam calendar, what event?
What was the new formation of Islam believers and where was it?
What three important aspects of Islamic religion happened during this time?
Hijra.
The first Hijra.
Umma in Medina
Organization of the first mosque, call to prayer, and the Five Pillars of Islam
How was Mecca converted from polytheism to Islam?
What is the Ka’bah? Why did it become a big part of Islam?
Muhammad and Umma return to Mecca and converted both the city and the Ka’bah.
The Ka’bah used to be a polytheistic place but then was converted for Muslims because they believed that it was the first building built by Abraham. The Ka’bah is a granite masonry, covered with silk curtain and calligraphy in gold and silver wrapped thread. It is in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.
ORGANIZATION OF ISLAM after Muhammad died.
How many caliphs are there?
Who was the ruler of each?
Five caliphs.
Abu Bakr in 632 CE (first adult male to believe and he ruled for two years successfully)
Umar (appointed by Abu Bakr and ruled successfully)
Uthmar (Umayyad family and he was assassinated)
Ali (a child believer and he was killed in battle)
Muawiya (the start of the Umayyad dynasty)
LOST POLYTHEISTIC ROMAN EMPIRE: DIOCLETIAN (ruled 284- 305 CE)
What was he eager to do?
Was the power of the empire weakening or strengthening?
How did he rule Rome?
What religious prosecution did he administer?
He was eager to restore the centralized power back in Rome.
The empire was weakening, due to conflict with “haves” and “have-nots” and Roman tax base and loyalty decreasing.
He divided up Rome and had a co- ruler. He ruled in the East and the co-ruler ruled the West. They both has junior-emperors helping them with appointed successors
He organized the last “great prosecution” of Christians
Did Dio’s policies work?
Who was Constantine” Who’s son was he?
Dio’s policies did not work and Constantine helped them to not work.
Constantine was the con of the Western side’s emperor and he wanted power.
He felt like he had the right-of-way to rule after his father ruled. He fought for his right to power. He got it.
Did Constantine end up getting what he wanted?
What religion did he embrace?
He did and he embraced Christianity.
What was Constantine inspired by during his last battle before taking over Rome.
What was the Edict of Milan?
What city did Constantine make his capitol?
What is the Council of Nicaea)?
What is the term for “endangered salvation” or “wrong belief”?
His vision “in this sign you shall conquer” and this made him change to where his soldiers bore Christian symbols on their shields.
The Edict of Milan established religious tolerance.
Byzantium (Constantinople)
A council consisting of contemporary Christian leaders. The bishops there confirmed the unity of God and Jesus. Jesus was the son of God and they are unified as one.
“Heresy”
What was the effect on Christians after Constantinople’s big changes in support of the religion? What did the Bishop of Rome become?
They were oppressed and decentralized to start, but then developed to one centralized, Hierarchical, Christian church, with spiritual authority over land. Different Patriarchs and bishops could lead now. The bishop of Rome became the primus inter pares.
What lead to the downfall of political authority in Rome in the West? What happened to the other side?
The Germanic tribes increasingly refused to submit to Roman power in the West. This was the start of the medieval era. In the East, they did not fall and the Christian Roman power didn’t fall.
MEDIEVAL BYZANTINE (WEST SIDE) ROME
Who is Justinian? Where did her reconquer land?
Who co-ruled with him? Of what spirituality was he?
Who did Justinian reform against?
He was the new ruler of the West. Theodora, his wife, was the co-ruler, but she had to go by the other name of (Augusta)
Christian; he Hagia Sophia was formed in Constantinople.
The pagans
MEDIEVAL CHRISTIAN ROMAN EMPEROR LEO III
What century did he rule in?
What is iconoclasm?
What did the Council of Constantinople declare in 754 CE?
8th century
The removal of religion icons essentially. He made it a state policy.
The council declared that icons were “anathema”.
