Isabella & Ferdinand Flashcards
1
Q
ARAGON vs CASTILE
Which realm is larger?
A
Castile
2
Q
ARAGON vs CASTILE
Which realm has a larger population?
A
Castile
3
Q
ARAGON vs CASTILE
Which realm has better ports for trading?
A
Aragon
4
Q
ARAGON vs CASTILE
Which monarchy wields greater power?
A
The Castilian monarchy
5
Q
ARAGON vs CASTILE
What religion were the realms?
A
Catholic
6
Q
ARAGON vs CASTILE
How united were the two kingdoms at the start of the rule?
A
Different languages, governments, foreign policy interests, crowns, currencies, economic interests however similar religious outlooks
7
Q
MARRIAGE OF F & I
Did the marriage benefit both Aragon and Castile?
A
Yes
8
Q
MARRIAGE OF F & I
What did it create a united front on?
A
Foreign policy and European geopolitics
9
Q
MARRIAGE OF F & I
How did both realms benefit from each other?
A
A combination of the skills, knowledge and experience provided the necessary tools that helped give rise to the first major period of imperial Spain
10
Q
MARRIAGE OF F & I
What were Ferdinand’s personal attributes?
A
- Experience of politics and military affairs
- Pragmatical
- Showed personal bravery in war
11
Q
MARRIAGE OF F & I
What were Isabella’s personal attributes?
A
- Pious, determined and energetic
- Inspired loyalty and respect
- Knew what it was to be a monarch
12
Q
MARRIAGE OF F & I
Describe Isabella and Ferdinand’s marriage contract
A
- Both King and Queen of Castile and Aragon
- Ferdinand had little personal power in Castile
- All children had to be raised in Castile
- Both kingdoms administered independently
13
Q
THE WAR OF SUCCESSION
When was the war of succession?
A
1475 - 79
14
Q
THE WAR OF SUCCESSION
Which countries supported who?
A
Aragon supported Isabella, Portugal and France supported Juana la Beltraneja
15
Q
THE WAR OF SUCCESSION
Describe the battle of Toro
A
February 1476, army defeated and bulk of Portuguese troupes went back to Portugal
16
Q
THE WAR OF SUCCESSION
How did the war end?
A
In 1479, Alfonso admits defeat. He gives up his claim to both Juana and to Castile, in return Isabella gives up claims to Portuguese lands
17
Q
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
What were Isabella and Ferdinand’s main aims?
A
To create a pre-eminent monarchy; a strong position for the crown whilst respecting rights and customs of individual kingdoms
18
Q
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
Which realm was considered to be the most important?
A
Castile
19
Q
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
Describe personal presence
A
As monarchs they were constantly on the move, thus Isabella visited every part of Castile at least once, during a 30 year period. Likewise with Ferdinand, this enabled them to personally arbitrate in disputes, hear lawsuits and personally deal with revolts.
20
Q
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
Describe the use of Hermandades
A
- Set up in every place with more than 50 inhabitants
- All directly controlled by the crown
- Provided soldiers and funds
- Policed towns
- Delivered punishments
21
Q
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
How successful were the Hermandades?
A
They did much to bring the localities in Castile to order, but they were unpopular and could only deal with trivial crimes.
22
Q
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
Describe use of corregidores
A
Appointed in every important Castilian town, collected taxes, reported to the crown on state of affairs and tried to ensure councils followed royal policies.
23
Q
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
How did the monarchs improve relations with the nobility?
A
- Rebellious nobles arrested and had their castles burnt
- Patronage: titles and land
- Helped nobles to stay financially viable
- Act of resumption
24
Q
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
Describe the act of resumption
A
1480, nobles deprived of half the revenues they had usurped since 1464 and traditional dignitaries denied the vote
25
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
| What did Ferdinand's acquisition of the role of grand master make up for?
The loss of Castilian land alienated by old Castilian Kings
26
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
| Describe control over military orders
The crown extended its control over the military orders in Castile in 1489, provided money and troops
27
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
| Describe the conciliar system
Made up of various councils in Castile, the main one being the "Consejo Royalle". This council consisted of five chambers
28
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
| What chambers made up the "consejo royalle"
- Foreign policy
- Justice
- The Hermandades
- Finance
- A group of nobles
29
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
| When was the council of the inquisition established?
1483
30
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
| When was a permanent court established in Valladolid?
1489
31
RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY
| Describe the Cortes
One for each of the Spanish Kingdoms, called when the monarchs needed money or to confirm royal legislation, in return the monarchs had to listen to grievances meaning the Cortes wielded much power
32
THE DEATH OF ISABELLA
| When did Isabella die?
1504
33
THE DEATH OF ISABELLA
| Who did Isabella leave the crown of Castile to?
Juana her daughter
34
THE DEATH OF ISABELLA
| Did people object to Ferdinand ruling Castile?
Yes
35
THE DEATH OF ISABELLA
| What did the treaty of villafafila state
In the case of Juana's death Philip should rule Castile
36
THE DEATH OF ISABELLA
| Who did Ferdinand remarry?
Germaine de foix
37
THE DEATH OF PHILIP
| What were the outcomes?
- Juana went completely mad
- Cisneros became regent
- Ferdinand came back to Castile
38
CHANGES TO ARAGON AND CASTILE BY 1516
| Did Castile and Aragon remain separate entities?
Yes
39
CHANGES TO ARAGON AND CASTILE BY 1516
| What did the realms coincide with?
Religious policies
40
CHANGES TO ARAGON AND CASTILE BY 1516
| What policies remained different?
Foreign and economic policy
41
CHANGES TO ARAGON AND CASTILE BY 1516
| Give three signs of informal unity
- Ferdinand and Isabella worked closely together on a personal level
- The two monarchs acted together on foreign policy
- Castilian gradually became the dominant language
42
RELIGIOUS CONTEXT
| Define "conviencia"
Peaceful coexistence between the three religions in Aragon and Castile
43
RELIGIOUS CONTEXT
| Why did conviencia become increasingly unacceptable?
The conquest of Granada taking place, fear the Moors in IP may become a 5th column
44
RELIGIOUS CONTEXT
| Why were there tensions between religions?
- War in Granada
- Moors had better farming techniques: jealousy
- Jews were blamed for the plague
- Many Jews were also tax collectors
45
RECONQUISTA
| What was Granada?
The last non-Christian kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula
46
RECONQUISTA
| What was the aim of the reconquista?
To bring the whole of the Iberian Peninsula under Catholic control
47
RECONQUISTA
| What was the significance of Andulasia?
Attacked by the Moors, gave the monarchs grounds to start war
48
RECONQUISTA
| How did Isabella fund the Reconquista?
- Granted indulgences from the Pope
| - Taxation
49
RECONQUISTA
| Give four reasons for victory
- Heavy artillery used by Christian sieges
- The rulers of Granada were divided amongst themselves
- The nobles of Andalusia knew the area well
- Many troops were raised
50
RECONQUISTA
| What happened to the Mudjedars living in Granada?
Were allowed to keep their religion, dress and property. 100,000 killed; 200,000 emigrated; 200,000 stayed.
51
RECONQUISTA
| Give four consequences of the Reconquista
- Prestige from other Catholic monarchs over Europe
- Sense of unity between Castile and Aragon
- Given the title "Los Reyes Catalicos"
- Artillery advances to be used in future wars
52
THE SPANISH INQUISTION
| What did Ferdinand and Isabella petition for?
Full authority over the Inquisition, granted by the pope in 1478
53
THE SPANISH INQUISTION
| Who masterminded the Inquisition?
Alfonso de Hojeda
54
THE SPANISH INQUISTION
| What was the key institution?
The council of the inquisition
55
THE SPANISH INQUISTION
| Why were inquisitors not appointed until 1480?
Domestic opposition
56
THE SPANISH INQUISTION
| Where was the first auto de fe held?
Seville: six conversos were burnt
57
THE SPANISH INQUISTION
| What did a 1482 papal bull promote?
A further seven inquisitors, including the inquisitor general Tomas de Torquemada
58
THE SPANISH INQUISTION
| Describe opposition outside Castile
- It defied the Aragonese fueros because the inquisitors were non-native
- In 1484 the Valencia cortes denounced the inquisition as it violated their fueros
59
THE SPANISH INQUISTION
| What did the Inquisition eventually become focused upon?
Personal animosities and socio-economic rivalries
60
THE SPANISH INQUISTION
| Describe opposition from conversos
- Conversos appealed to Rome, regional immunities, local magistrates and to the monarchs themselves
- Inquisitor of Aragon assassinated in 1485
61
THE SPANISH INQUISTION
| How many people were burnt between 1480 and 1530?
Only 2000
62
THE SPANISH INQUISTION
| Despite having no jurisdiction over other faiths, what did the Inquisition cause?
An increased hatred towards those of other religions: end of the peaceful state of covinencia
63
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
| Why did Isabella and Ferdinand make the decision to expel the Jews?
More conversos in the IP than expected, the solution to stop the spread of Judaism was to expel all Jews from the two Kingdoms
64
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
| Give three examples of increased hatred of Jews during Isabella and Ferdinand's reign
- "Obscene, detestable and vile": written by a scholar
- Jewish sections of towns were walled off
- The Jews were made to wear distinctive yellow badges in some parts of the Kingdom
65
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
| What decree was issued in March 1492?
The Jews must either leave or convert, 50% of expelled Jews converted
66
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
| Why were the Jews expelled?
On the grounds they were stopping conversos from practicing Christianity properly
67
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
| Give 3 background points about Jews in Spain
- Smallest religious group
- Held important professions in society
- Pre expulsion numbers were the largest in Europe
68
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
| What increased the suspicion of Jews?
Surviving the plague
69
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
| What happened to the Jews who moved to Portugal?
They were expelled in 1493
70
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
| Did any Jews return?
Yes, many bought back their land and proved they were now Christian
71
THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS
| Was the expulsion of the Jews successful?
No, it was a social and ethical disaster. Families were split up, more conversos, end of covinencia, major skill gaps in the population
72
CATHOLIC CHURCH
| What was the main aim for the catholic church?
Observance
73
CATHOLIC CHURCH
| Why was the catholic church a problem?
The church income was well over 6 million ducats yet exempt from tax, the church owned it's own private fortresses and could raise it's own private armies.
74
CATHOLIC CHURCH
| What were Ferdinand and Isabella's personal aims for the church?
- To increase their own royal authority
| - Both devoted Catholics: wanted to improve the spiritual conditions of the clergy and the laity
75
CATHOLIC CHURCH
| Four ways they increased their power
- Prevented appeals going to the pope
- Allowed to make all appointments in Granada and the Canaries
- Within Spain they managed to secure some degree of nomination rights over bishops
- Attempted to reduce legal rights of the clergy
76
CATHOLIC CHURCH
| How did they attempt to improve the clergy?
- New colleges set up for the education of higher clergy
- Talavera and Cisneros tried to ensure measures were taken against members of the clergy not respecting their positions
- Attempts made to improve moral and spiritual condition of the laity
77
CATHOLIC CHURCH
| Describe the role of bishops
Bishops appointed by the crown were made to set a good example, non-noble origin to less likely to engage in war.
78
CATHOLIC CHURCH
| Catholic church failures
- Complaints still being made in 1511 about members of the clergy achieving positions by anything other than their own merit
- Many bishops absent from their diocese due to crown expectations to be present in government service
- The laity resented losing the aspects of christianity they most enjoyed
79
CATHOLIC CHURCH
| Catholic church successes
Cisneros had some success in imposing religious discipline amongst the Franciscans. The Dominicans started a religious reformation of their own.
80
ECONOMICAL CONTEXT
| Which realm dealt with the financial burdens?
Castile
81
ECONOMICAL CONTEXT
| Where were both realms focused on trading?
Castile: Atlantic trade
Aragon: Mediterranean trade
82
ECONOMICAL CONTEXT
| What % of land was owned by what % of people?
97% of land owned by 3% of the population
83
ECONOMICAL CONTEXT
| What was the focus of the Castilian economy?
The wool trade
84
ECONOMY
| How did the crown seek to counterbalance the departure of conversos?
Publishing edicts in 1484 inviting foreign workers to Spain with a ten year tax exemption
85
ECONOMY
| How did Isabella and Ferdinand promote trade?
Granting licences for commercial voyages
86
ECONOMY
| Who was considered pivotal to the economy?
Genoese merchants - without their aid Castilian overseas expansion would've been impossible, they supplied much of the funding for Columbus' voyages
87
ECONOMY
| What were the consequences of the Reconquista?
- Collapse of trade with North Africa
| - 10 years of expensive warfare
88
ECONOMY
| What did the Mesta control?
Castilian sheep farming and the wool market in general
89
ECONOMY
| What action did Isabella and Ferdinand take in 1500?
Promote presidents of the Mesta to senior positions on the Consejo Royalle
90
ECONOMY
| Who controlled the wool trade?
Hermandad de las Marismas
91
ECONOMY
| What cities were Spain connected with for trading?
Bruges, London and Florence
92
ECONOMY
| What was the Law of the Land Lease 1501?
The mesta was granted the right to use, in perpetuity and at fixed rates, any land it had once used as pasture
93
ECONOMY
| What did the predominance of Arable farming cause?
The neglect of the arable sector
94
ECONOMY
| Why was Spain reliant on foreign imports of wheat?
Because there were such serious grain shortages
95
ECONOMY
| Why was food farming neglected?
The landed nobility turned to renting their land for sheep farming, because it required little investment, money or manpower
96
ECONOMY
| How were Castilian finances controlled?
By the council of finances, directed by Alfonso de Quintanilla
97
ECONOMY
| What did more effective financial leadership cause?
An increase in crown revenue from 800,000 maravedis to 22 million by 1504
98
ECONOMY
| What percentage of royal income came from the alcabala?
80 - 90%
99
ECONOMY
| How were taxes becoming more quickly collected?
Via the central record of taxes.
100
ECONOMY
| In the latter part of Isabella's reign, what percentage of royal revenue was drawn from extraordinary sources?
Roughly 70%
101
ECONOMY
| How much revenue did the Cruzada provide?
Roughly 112 million maravedis by 1504
102
ECONOMY
| Give 6 examples of royal expenditure
- Foreign policy aims
- Military expenses: 500 million maravedis by 1504
- Building fortresses
- Ship building
- Royal ambassadors: 35 million
- The marriage of Catherine of Aragon: 60 million
103
ECONOMY
| Describe three economic problems faced by the monarchs
- The population of Castile growing increasingly hard to feed
- Financial needs became more pressing
- Needed a stronger economy if needs were to be met
104
ECONOMY
| Economic successes
Vast amounts of money made on sheep tax, tax records began to be kept, increase in trade, monarchs survived without "major financial problems"
105
ECONOMY
| Economic failures
Arable farming neglected, sheep revenue exempt from tax, religious crusades led to a decline in workers
106
INTERNATIONAL
| Which monarch took the lead for driving foreign policies?
Ferdinand
107
INTERNATIONAL
| Which monarch had the crucial say and why?
Isabella, because Ferdinand was relying on Castilian resources
108
INTERNATIONAL
| Who did Ferdinand seek alliances with?
States who were anti-French
109
INTERNATIONAL
| Which states were anti-French?
England, imperial Burgundy and Brittany
110
INTERNATIONAL
| What were Ferdinand and Isabella keen to dominate?
The Western Mediterranean
111
INTERNATIONAL
| Why were they keen to secure the Western Mediterranean?
To prevent the French attacking Italian states and also to drive back the Ottomans
112
INTERNATIONAL
| Who was their eldest daughter, Isabella, married to?
Alfonso of Portugal
113
INTERNATIONAL
| Who did their 4th eldest daughter Maria marry?
Manoel of Portugal
114
INTERNATIONAL
| How did Ferdinand and Isabella strengthen their relationship with the Hapsburgs?
John married Margaret of Austria, and Juana married Philip the Handsome
115
INTERNATIONAL
| Who was their youngest daughter Catherine married to?
Arthur of England, then married to Henry VIII. This showed how much it meant to both countries.
116
INTERNATIONAL
| Which states did Ferdinand secure via the Treaty of Barcelona in 1493?
Roussillon and Cerdagne
117
INTERNATIONAL
| Why did Ferdiand marry Germaine de Foix?
To strengthen his claims to Navarre
118
INTERNATIONAL
| Who helped Ferdinand secure Navarre?
The Duke of Alba who vigorously campaigned around Italy
119
INTERNATIONAL
| After the fall of Granada, what was Ferdinand keen to do?
Attack the North African coastline
120
INTERNATIONAL
| What did Ferdinand gain via his collaboration with Cisneros?
The ports: Mers-al-kabir, Oran, Bougie, Tripoli and Algiers
121
INTERNATIONAL
| What did Ferdinand choose not to support Cisneros with?
Cisneros' ambitions to extend their African conquests inland
122
INTERNATIONAL
| What did possessions along the coastline of North Africa help with?
The monarchs influence on the Mediterranean
123
INTERNATIONAL
| What did Ferdinand provide to help expel the Ottomans from Otranto?
70 ships
124
INTERNATIONAL
| What did Ferdinand do in 1501?
Help the Venetians expel the Ottomans from the fortress of St George in Cephalonia
125
INTERNATIONAL
| What was Ferdinand's greatest achievement in the Mediteranean?
The acquisition of Naples
126
INTERNATIONAL
| What did the Treaty of Granada 1500 say?
The Kingdom of Naples was agreed to be split between France and Spain
127
INTERNATIONAL
| What did Ferdinand do after the Treaty of Granada?
Fight the French and drive them out of Cerignola and Garigliano
128
INTERNATIONAL
| How was Ferdinand secured as King of Naples?
Through Gonzalo de Cordoba's campaigns
129
INTERNATIONAL
| What did the treaty of Blois do?
Gave the right of Naples to Germaine de Foix, who then went on to marry Ferdinand.
130
INTERNATIONAL
| What did the acquisition of Naples do?
Bought Spain into Italian affairs, and also bought her closer to the Ottoman Empire
131
INTERNATIONAL
| Who was the main political power?
France
132
INTERNATIONAL
| Why was Naples important to Spain?
- Situated in the middle of the Mediterranean
- Grain supplies
- More influence in Italy
133
INTERNATIONAL
| Describe the role of ambassadors
One of the first states in Europe to use ambassadors, gave Ferdinand an insight into other countries and the ambassador could negotiate on behalf of the crown.
134
THE NEW WORLD
| Which year did Ferdinand and Isabella fund Columbus' journey to The New World?
1492
135
THE NEW WORLD
| How much did the monarchs invest in the voyage?
£2 million maravedis
136
THE NEW WORLD
| What did a Papal Bull in 1493 confirm?
Spanish rights to new lands in South America
137
THE NEW WORLD
| What did Isabella and Ferdinand declare in 1500?
Natives were "free vassals" of the crown after complaints they were not being treated fairly
138
THE NEW WORLD
| Who did all new discoveries belong to?
Castile, not Aragon
139
THE NEW WORLD
| Where did all New World trade have to pass through?
A port in Seville
140
THE NEW WORLD
| What fruit did Columbus bring back?
Pineapple
141
THE NEW WORLD
| What was the first island Columbus landed on called?
Hispanola
142
THE NEW WORLD
| What is the New World in Spanish?
"Nobas Mundas"
143
SOCIETY
| Describe the stick for nobility
- Troublesome nobility arrested and had their castles burnt
- Act of resumption 1480
- Coastal cities of Cartagena and Cadiz were returned to the crown
- Nobles were not allowed to make private wars or build new castles
144
SOCIETY
| Describe the carrot for nobility
- Encouraged to spend time in court
- Opportunities were given to serve in foreign wars
- Rewards and new titles
- Helped to remain economically viable: mayorazago
145
SOCIETY
| Overall was handling of the nobility successful>
Monarchs accepted by Castilian nobility, Aragonese traditions were allowed to continue
146
SOCIETY
| Why did Isabella and Ferdinand attempt not to appoint bishops from the nobility?
Less likely to engage in warfare
147
SOCIETY
| Where were the monarchs less successful religiously?
The clergy still insisted for being tried in church courts for crimes, lighter sentences. Complaints against clergy's behaviour still being reported in 1511.
148
SOCIETY
| Were there any substantial efforts to redress peasant grievances?
No
149
SOCIETY
| Where were peasant grievances dealt with?
Catalonia
150
SOCIETY
| Why and how was the peasantry in Catalonia dealt with?
Peasant unrest in the years 1484 - 85. Ferdinand produced the sentence of Guadulupe which identified and removed the six evil customs securing greater rights and liberty for the peasantry.
151
SOCIETY
| Overall, what did Ferdiand and Isabella's reign not do for peasants?
Solve the considerable economic inequalities.
152
SOCIETY
| What were major towns and cities?
A genuine force
153
SOCIETY
| Name the five dominant towns
- Seville
- Granada
- Toledo
- Valencia
- Barcelona
154
SOCIETY
| Who generally dominated towns?
The merchants
155
SOCIETY
| What was set up in every important town?
Santa Hermandades
156
SOCIETY
| What did Ferdinand and Isabella do from the outset?
Make every effort to control towns and cities
157
SOCIETY
| How did Isabella and Ferdinand attempt to control towns?
- Personal presence
- Santa Hermandades
- Use of corregidores
