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Isabella & Ferdinand Flashcards

1
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE

Which realm is larger?

A

Castile

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2
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE

Which realm has a larger population?

A

Castile

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3
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE

Which realm has better ports for trading?

A

Aragon

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4
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE

Which monarchy wields greater power?

A

The Castilian monarchy

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5
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE

What religion were the realms?

A

Catholic

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6
Q

ARAGON vs CASTILE

How united were the two kingdoms at the start of the rule?

A

Different languages, governments, foreign policy interests, crowns, currencies, economic interests however similar religious outlooks

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7
Q

MARRIAGE OF F & I

Did the marriage benefit both Aragon and Castile?

A

Yes

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8
Q

MARRIAGE OF F & I

What did it create a united front on?

A

Foreign policy and European geopolitics

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9
Q

MARRIAGE OF F & I

How did both realms benefit from each other?

A

A combination of the skills, knowledge and experience provided the necessary tools that helped give rise to the first major period of imperial Spain

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10
Q

MARRIAGE OF F & I

What were Ferdinand’s personal attributes?

A
  • Experience of politics and military affairs
  • Pragmatical
  • Showed personal bravery in war
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11
Q

MARRIAGE OF F & I

What were Isabella’s personal attributes?

A
  • Pious, determined and energetic
  • Inspired loyalty and respect
  • Knew what it was to be a monarch
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12
Q

MARRIAGE OF F & I

Describe Isabella and Ferdinand’s marriage contract

A
  • Both King and Queen of Castile and Aragon
  • Ferdinand had little personal power in Castile
  • All children had to be raised in Castile
  • Both kingdoms administered independently
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13
Q

THE WAR OF SUCCESSION

When was the war of succession?

A

1475 - 79

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14
Q

THE WAR OF SUCCESSION

Which countries supported who?

A

Aragon supported Isabella, Portugal and France supported Juana la Beltraneja

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15
Q

THE WAR OF SUCCESSION

Describe the battle of Toro

A

February 1476, army defeated and bulk of Portuguese troupes went back to Portugal

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16
Q

THE WAR OF SUCCESSION

How did the war end?

A

In 1479, Alfonso admits defeat. He gives up his claim to both Juana and to Castile, in return Isabella gives up claims to Portuguese lands

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17
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY

What were Isabella and Ferdinand’s main aims?

A

To create a pre-eminent monarchy; a strong position for the crown whilst respecting rights and customs of individual kingdoms

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18
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY

Which realm was considered to be the most important?

A

Castile

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19
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY

Describe personal presence

A

As monarchs they were constantly on the move, thus Isabella visited every part of Castile at least once, during a 30 year period. Likewise with Ferdinand, this enabled them to personally arbitrate in disputes, hear lawsuits and personally deal with revolts.

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20
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY

Describe the use of Hermandades

A
  • Set up in every place with more than 50 inhabitants
  • All directly controlled by the crown
  • Provided soldiers and funds
  • Policed towns
  • Delivered punishments
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21
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY

How successful were the Hermandades?

A

They did much to bring the localities in Castile to order, but they were unpopular and could only deal with trivial crimes.

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22
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY

Describe use of corregidores

A

Appointed in every important Castilian town, collected taxes, reported to the crown on state of affairs and tried to ensure councils followed royal policies.

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23
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY

How did the monarchs improve relations with the nobility?

A
  • Rebellious nobles arrested and had their castles burnt
  • Patronage: titles and land
  • Helped nobles to stay financially viable
  • Act of resumption
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24
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY

Describe the act of resumption

A

1480, nobles deprived of half the revenues they had usurped since 1464 and traditional dignitaries denied the vote

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25
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY

What did Ferdinand’s acquisition of the role of grand master make up for?

A

The loss of Castilian land alienated by old Castilian Kings

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26
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY

Describe control over military orders

A

The crown extended its control over the military orders in Castile in 1489, provided money and troops

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27
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY

Describe the conciliar system

A

Made up of various councils in Castile, the main one being the “Consejo Royalle”. This council consisted of five chambers

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28
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY

What chambers made up the “consejo royalle”

A
  • Foreign policy
  • Justice
  • The Hermandades
  • Finance
  • A group of nobles
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29
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY

When was the council of the inquisition established?

A

1483

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30
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY

When was a permanent court established in Valladolid?

A

1489

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31
Q

RESTORATION OF ROYAL AUTHORITY

Describe the Cortes

A

One for each of the Spanish Kingdoms, called when the monarchs needed money or to confirm royal legislation, in return the monarchs had to listen to grievances meaning the Cortes wielded much power

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32
Q

THE DEATH OF ISABELLA

When did Isabella die?

A

1504

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33
Q

THE DEATH OF ISABELLA

Who did Isabella leave the crown of Castile to?

A

Juana her daughter

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34
Q

THE DEATH OF ISABELLA

Did people object to Ferdinand ruling Castile?

A

Yes

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35
Q

THE DEATH OF ISABELLA

What did the treaty of villafafila state

A

In the case of Juana’s death Philip should rule Castile

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36
Q

THE DEATH OF ISABELLA

Who did Ferdinand remarry?

A

Germaine de foix

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37
Q

THE DEATH OF PHILIP

What were the outcomes?

A
  • Juana went completely mad
  • Cisneros became regent
  • Ferdinand came back to Castile
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38
Q

CHANGES TO ARAGON AND CASTILE BY 1516

Did Castile and Aragon remain separate entities?

A

Yes

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39
Q

CHANGES TO ARAGON AND CASTILE BY 1516

What did the realms coincide with?

A

Religious policies

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40
Q

CHANGES TO ARAGON AND CASTILE BY 1516

What policies remained different?

A

Foreign and economic policy

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41
Q

CHANGES TO ARAGON AND CASTILE BY 1516

Give three signs of informal unity

A
  • Ferdinand and Isabella worked closely together on a personal level
  • The two monarchs acted together on foreign policy
  • Castilian gradually became the dominant language
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42
Q

RELIGIOUS CONTEXT

Define “conviencia”

A

Peaceful coexistence between the three religions in Aragon and Castile

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43
Q

RELIGIOUS CONTEXT

Why did conviencia become increasingly unacceptable?

A

The conquest of Granada taking place, fear the Moors in IP may become a 5th column

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44
Q

RELIGIOUS CONTEXT

Why were there tensions between religions?

A
  • War in Granada
  • Moors had better farming techniques: jealousy
  • Jews were blamed for the plague
  • Many Jews were also tax collectors
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45
Q

RECONQUISTA

What was Granada?

A

The last non-Christian kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula

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46
Q

RECONQUISTA

What was the aim of the reconquista?

A

To bring the whole of the Iberian Peninsula under Catholic control

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47
Q

RECONQUISTA

What was the significance of Andulasia?

A

Attacked by the Moors, gave the monarchs grounds to start war

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48
Q

RECONQUISTA

How did Isabella fund the Reconquista?

A
  • Granted indulgences from the Pope

- Taxation

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49
Q

RECONQUISTA

Give four reasons for victory

A
  • Heavy artillery used by Christian sieges
  • The rulers of Granada were divided amongst themselves
  • The nobles of Andalusia knew the area well
  • Many troops were raised
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50
Q

RECONQUISTA

What happened to the Mudjedars living in Granada?

A

Were allowed to keep their religion, dress and property. 100,000 killed; 200,000 emigrated; 200,000 stayed.

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51
Q

RECONQUISTA

Give four consequences of the Reconquista

A
  • Prestige from other Catholic monarchs over Europe
  • Sense of unity between Castile and Aragon
  • Given the title “Los Reyes Catalicos”
  • Artillery advances to be used in future wars
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52
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION

What did Ferdinand and Isabella petition for?

A

Full authority over the Inquisition, granted by the pope in 1478

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53
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION

Who masterminded the Inquisition?

A

Alfonso de Hojeda

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54
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION

What was the key institution?

A

The council of the inquisition

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55
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION

Why were inquisitors not appointed until 1480?

A

Domestic opposition

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56
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION

Where was the first auto de fe held?

A

Seville: six conversos were burnt

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57
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION

What did a 1482 papal bull promote?

A

A further seven inquisitors, including the inquisitor general Tomas de Torquemada

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58
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION

Describe opposition outside Castile

A
  • It defied the Aragonese fueros because the inquisitors were non-native
  • In 1484 the Valencia cortes denounced the inquisition as it violated their fueros
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59
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION

What did the Inquisition eventually become focused upon?

A

Personal animosities and socio-economic rivalries

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60
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION

Describe opposition from conversos

A
  • Conversos appealed to Rome, regional immunities, local magistrates and to the monarchs themselves
  • Inquisitor of Aragon assassinated in 1485
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61
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION

How many people were burnt between 1480 and 1530?

A

Only 2000

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62
Q

THE SPANISH INQUISTION

Despite having no jurisdiction over other faiths, what did the Inquisition cause?

A

An increased hatred towards those of other religions: end of the peaceful state of covinencia

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63
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS

Why did Isabella and Ferdinand make the decision to expel the Jews?

A

More conversos in the IP than expected, the solution to stop the spread of Judaism was to expel all Jews from the two Kingdoms

64
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS

Give three examples of increased hatred of Jews during Isabella and Ferdinand’s reign

A
  • “Obscene, detestable and vile”: written by a scholar
  • Jewish sections of towns were walled off
  • The Jews were made to wear distinctive yellow badges in some parts of the Kingdom
65
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS

What decree was issued in March 1492?

A

The Jews must either leave or convert, 50% of expelled Jews converted

66
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS

Why were the Jews expelled?

A

On the grounds they were stopping conversos from practicing Christianity properly

67
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS

Give 3 background points about Jews in Spain

A
  • Smallest religious group
  • Held important professions in society
  • Pre expulsion numbers were the largest in Europe
68
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS

What increased the suspicion of Jews?

A

Surviving the plague

69
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS

What happened to the Jews who moved to Portugal?

A

They were expelled in 1493

70
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS

Did any Jews return?

A

Yes, many bought back their land and proved they were now Christian

71
Q

THE EXPULSION OF THE JEWS

Was the expulsion of the Jews successful?

A

No, it was a social and ethical disaster. Families were split up, more conversos, end of covinencia, major skill gaps in the population

72
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH

What was the main aim for the catholic church?

A

Observance

73
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH

Why was the catholic church a problem?

A

The church income was well over 6 million ducats yet exempt from tax, the church owned it’s own private fortresses and could raise it’s own private armies.

74
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH

What were Ferdinand and Isabella’s personal aims for the church?

A
  • To increase their own royal authority

- Both devoted Catholics: wanted to improve the spiritual conditions of the clergy and the laity

75
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH

Four ways they increased their power

A
  • Prevented appeals going to the pope
  • Allowed to make all appointments in Granada and the Canaries
  • Within Spain they managed to secure some degree of nomination rights over bishops
  • Attempted to reduce legal rights of the clergy
76
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH

How did they attempt to improve the clergy?

A
  • New colleges set up for the education of higher clergy
  • Talavera and Cisneros tried to ensure measures were taken against members of the clergy not respecting their positions
  • Attempts made to improve moral and spiritual condition of the laity
77
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH

Describe the role of bishops

A

Bishops appointed by the crown were made to set a good example, non-noble origin to less likely to engage in war.

78
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH

Catholic church failures

A
  • Complaints still being made in 1511 about members of the clergy achieving positions by anything other than their own merit
  • Many bishops absent from their diocese due to crown expectations to be present in government service
  • The laity resented losing the aspects of christianity they most enjoyed
79
Q

CATHOLIC CHURCH

Catholic church successes

A

Cisneros had some success in imposing religious discipline amongst the Franciscans. The Dominicans started a religious reformation of their own.

80
Q

ECONOMICAL CONTEXT

Which realm dealt with the financial burdens?

A

Castile

81
Q

ECONOMICAL CONTEXT

Where were both realms focused on trading?

A

Castile: Atlantic trade
Aragon: Mediterranean trade

82
Q

ECONOMICAL CONTEXT

What % of land was owned by what % of people?

A

97% of land owned by 3% of the population

83
Q

ECONOMICAL CONTEXT

What was the focus of the Castilian economy?

A

The wool trade

84
Q

ECONOMY

How did the crown seek to counterbalance the departure of conversos?

A

Publishing edicts in 1484 inviting foreign workers to Spain with a ten year tax exemption

85
Q

ECONOMY

How did Isabella and Ferdinand promote trade?

A

Granting licences for commercial voyages

86
Q

ECONOMY

Who was considered pivotal to the economy?

A

Genoese merchants - without their aid Castilian overseas expansion would’ve been impossible, they supplied much of the funding for Columbus’ voyages

87
Q

ECONOMY

What were the consequences of the Reconquista?

A
  • Collapse of trade with North Africa

- 10 years of expensive warfare

88
Q

ECONOMY

What did the Mesta control?

A

Castilian sheep farming and the wool market in general

89
Q

ECONOMY

What action did Isabella and Ferdinand take in 1500?

A

Promote presidents of the Mesta to senior positions on the Consejo Royalle

90
Q

ECONOMY

Who controlled the wool trade?

A

Hermandad de las Marismas

91
Q

ECONOMY

What cities were Spain connected with for trading?

A

Bruges, London and Florence

92
Q

ECONOMY

What was the Law of the Land Lease 1501?

A

The mesta was granted the right to use, in perpetuity and at fixed rates, any land it had once used as pasture

93
Q

ECONOMY

What did the predominance of Arable farming cause?

A

The neglect of the arable sector

94
Q

ECONOMY

Why was Spain reliant on foreign imports of wheat?

A

Because there were such serious grain shortages

95
Q

ECONOMY

Why was food farming neglected?

A

The landed nobility turned to renting their land for sheep farming, because it required little investment, money or manpower

96
Q

ECONOMY

How were Castilian finances controlled?

A

By the council of finances, directed by Alfonso de Quintanilla

97
Q

ECONOMY

What did more effective financial leadership cause?

A

An increase in crown revenue from 800,000 maravedis to 22 million by 1504

98
Q

ECONOMY

What percentage of royal income came from the alcabala?

A

80 - 90%

99
Q

ECONOMY

How were taxes becoming more quickly collected?

A

Via the central record of taxes.

100
Q

ECONOMY

In the latter part of Isabella’s reign, what percentage of royal revenue was drawn from extraordinary sources?

A

Roughly 70%

101
Q

ECONOMY

How much revenue did the Cruzada provide?

A

Roughly 112 million maravedis by 1504

102
Q

ECONOMY

Give 6 examples of royal expenditure

A
  • Foreign policy aims
  • Military expenses: 500 million maravedis by 1504
  • Building fortresses
  • Ship building
  • Royal ambassadors: 35 million
  • The marriage of Catherine of Aragon: 60 million
103
Q

ECONOMY

Describe three economic problems faced by the monarchs

A
  • The population of Castile growing increasingly hard to feed
  • Financial needs became more pressing
  • Needed a stronger economy if needs were to be met
104
Q

ECONOMY

Economic successes

A

Vast amounts of money made on sheep tax, tax records began to be kept, increase in trade, monarchs survived without “major financial problems”

105
Q

ECONOMY

Economic failures

A

Arable farming neglected, sheep revenue exempt from tax, religious crusades led to a decline in workers

106
Q

INTERNATIONAL

Which monarch took the lead for driving foreign policies?

A

Ferdinand

107
Q

INTERNATIONAL

Which monarch had the crucial say and why?

A

Isabella, because Ferdinand was relying on Castilian resources

108
Q

INTERNATIONAL

Who did Ferdinand seek alliances with?

A

States who were anti-French

109
Q

INTERNATIONAL

Which states were anti-French?

A

England, imperial Burgundy and Brittany

110
Q

INTERNATIONAL

What were Ferdinand and Isabella keen to dominate?

A

The Western Mediterranean

111
Q

INTERNATIONAL

Why were they keen to secure the Western Mediterranean?

A

To prevent the French attacking Italian states and also to drive back the Ottomans

112
Q

INTERNATIONAL

Who was their eldest daughter, Isabella, married to?

A

Alfonso of Portugal

113
Q

INTERNATIONAL

Who did their 4th eldest daughter Maria marry?

A

Manoel of Portugal

114
Q

INTERNATIONAL

How did Ferdinand and Isabella strengthen their relationship with the Hapsburgs?

A

John married Margaret of Austria, and Juana married Philip the Handsome

115
Q

INTERNATIONAL

Who was their youngest daughter Catherine married to?

A

Arthur of England, then married to Henry VIII. This showed how much it meant to both countries.

116
Q

INTERNATIONAL

Which states did Ferdinand secure via the Treaty of Barcelona in 1493?

A

Roussillon and Cerdagne

117
Q

INTERNATIONAL

Why did Ferdiand marry Germaine de Foix?

A

To strengthen his claims to Navarre

118
Q

INTERNATIONAL

Who helped Ferdinand secure Navarre?

A

The Duke of Alba who vigorously campaigned around Italy

119
Q

INTERNATIONAL

After the fall of Granada, what was Ferdinand keen to do?

A

Attack the North African coastline

120
Q

INTERNATIONAL

What did Ferdinand gain via his collaboration with Cisneros?

A

The ports: Mers-al-kabir, Oran, Bougie, Tripoli and Algiers

121
Q

INTERNATIONAL

What did Ferdinand choose not to support Cisneros with?

A

Cisneros’ ambitions to extend their African conquests inland

122
Q

INTERNATIONAL

What did possessions along the coastline of North Africa help with?

A

The monarchs influence on the Mediterranean

123
Q

INTERNATIONAL

What did Ferdinand provide to help expel the Ottomans from Otranto?

A

70 ships

124
Q

INTERNATIONAL

What did Ferdinand do in 1501?

A

Help the Venetians expel the Ottomans from the fortress of St George in Cephalonia

125
Q

INTERNATIONAL

What was Ferdinand’s greatest achievement in the Mediteranean?

A

The acquisition of Naples

126
Q

INTERNATIONAL

What did the Treaty of Granada 1500 say?

A

The Kingdom of Naples was agreed to be split between France and Spain

127
Q

INTERNATIONAL

What did Ferdinand do after the Treaty of Granada?

A

Fight the French and drive them out of Cerignola and Garigliano

128
Q

INTERNATIONAL

How was Ferdinand secured as King of Naples?

A

Through Gonzalo de Cordoba’s campaigns

129
Q

INTERNATIONAL

What did the treaty of Blois do?

A

Gave the right of Naples to Germaine de Foix, who then went on to marry Ferdinand.

130
Q

INTERNATIONAL

What did the acquisition of Naples do?

A

Bought Spain into Italian affairs, and also bought her closer to the Ottoman Empire

131
Q

INTERNATIONAL

Who was the main political power?

A

France

132
Q

INTERNATIONAL

Why was Naples important to Spain?

A
  • Situated in the middle of the Mediterranean
  • Grain supplies
  • More influence in Italy
133
Q

INTERNATIONAL

Describe the role of ambassadors

A

One of the first states in Europe to use ambassadors, gave Ferdinand an insight into other countries and the ambassador could negotiate on behalf of the crown.

134
Q

THE NEW WORLD

Which year did Ferdinand and Isabella fund Columbus’ journey to The New World?

A

1492

135
Q

THE NEW WORLD

How much did the monarchs invest in the voyage?

A

£2 million maravedis

136
Q

THE NEW WORLD

What did a Papal Bull in 1493 confirm?

A

Spanish rights to new lands in South America

137
Q

THE NEW WORLD

What did Isabella and Ferdinand declare in 1500?

A

Natives were “free vassals” of the crown after complaints they were not being treated fairly

138
Q

THE NEW WORLD

Who did all new discoveries belong to?

A

Castile, not Aragon

139
Q

THE NEW WORLD

Where did all New World trade have to pass through?

A

A port in Seville

140
Q

THE NEW WORLD

What fruit did Columbus bring back?

A

Pineapple

141
Q

THE NEW WORLD

What was the first island Columbus landed on called?

A

Hispanola

142
Q

THE NEW WORLD

What is the New World in Spanish?

A

“Nobas Mundas”

143
Q

SOCIETY

Describe the stick for nobility

A
  • Troublesome nobility arrested and had their castles burnt
  • Act of resumption 1480
  • Coastal cities of Cartagena and Cadiz were returned to the crown
  • Nobles were not allowed to make private wars or build new castles
144
Q

SOCIETY

Describe the carrot for nobility

A
  • Encouraged to spend time in court
  • Opportunities were given to serve in foreign wars
  • Rewards and new titles
  • Helped to remain economically viable: mayorazago
145
Q

SOCIETY

Overall was handling of the nobility successful>

A

Monarchs accepted by Castilian nobility, Aragonese traditions were allowed to continue

146
Q

SOCIETY

Why did Isabella and Ferdinand attempt not to appoint bishops from the nobility?

A

Less likely to engage in warfare

147
Q

SOCIETY

Where were the monarchs less successful religiously?

A

The clergy still insisted for being tried in church courts for crimes, lighter sentences. Complaints against clergy’s behaviour still being reported in 1511.

148
Q

SOCIETY

Were there any substantial efforts to redress peasant grievances?

A

No

149
Q

SOCIETY

Where were peasant grievances dealt with?

A

Catalonia

150
Q

SOCIETY

Why and how was the peasantry in Catalonia dealt with?

A

Peasant unrest in the years 1484 - 85. Ferdinand produced the sentence of Guadulupe which identified and removed the six evil customs securing greater rights and liberty for the peasantry.

151
Q

SOCIETY

Overall, what did Ferdiand and Isabella’s reign not do for peasants?

A

Solve the considerable economic inequalities.

152
Q

SOCIETY

What were major towns and cities?

A

A genuine force

153
Q

SOCIETY

Name the five dominant towns

A
  • Seville
  • Granada
  • Toledo
  • Valencia
  • Barcelona
154
Q

SOCIETY

Who generally dominated towns?

A

The merchants

155
Q

SOCIETY

What was set up in every important town?

A

Santa Hermandades

156
Q

SOCIETY

What did Ferdinand and Isabella do from the outset?

A

Make every effort to control towns and cities

157
Q

SOCIETY

How did Isabella and Ferdinand attempt to control towns?

A
  • Personal presence
  • Santa Hermandades
  • Use of corregidores

Spain (2 decks)

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