Charles Flashcards
CHARLES’ RELIGIOUS AIMS
What were Charles’ 6 religious aims?
- Continue the work of Ferdinand and Isabella
- Reform the catholic church
- Improve education of the clergy
- Improve religious education of the masses
- Ensure Lutheranism gains no support
- Make Catholicism the sole religion of Spain
CHARLES’ RELIGIOUS AIMS
Describe four threats to the church
- Erasmists: promoted ideas of a reformed chuch
- Lutheranism: early protestants
- Illuminists: similar to moriscos
- Moriscos
THE EFFECTS OF THE WORK OF CISNEROS
What did Cisneros found in 1508
The University of Alcala, which helped improve the education of the clergy
THE EFFECTS OF THE WORK OF CISNEROS
When and how was the polyglot bible published?
1522, by way of the printing press
THE EFFECTS OF THE WORK OF CISNEROS
What did the improvement in education of bishops mean?
Many of them were able to take on important roles in the Councils of the Church, particularly in the council of Trent
THE EFFECTS OF THE WORK OF CISNEROS
What were the limitations of Cisneros’ work?
Ordinary clergy still did not have the education or training to their lives or to their ability in order to teach Christianity
THE EFFECTS OF THE WORK OF CISNEROS
Was the work under military orders more successful?
Yes, it was missionaries from the Dominicans in particular who carried out missionary work in the New World
THE SUPPRESSION OF HERETIC VIEWS
What was Charles’ determined of?
To stop the spread of protestantism in Spain
THE SUPPRESSION OF HERETIC VIEWS
What did the illuminists believe and how were they dealt with?
The illuminists believed that they could put themselves in direct, personal communication with God through mediation and prayer. This group was dealt with by the Inquisition
THE SUPPRESSION OF HERETIC VIEWS
Describe Erasmianism in Spain
Promoted the idea of a reformed church which incorporated learning, private prayer and mediation. At first this was supported in Spain but by the 1520s steps had been taken to eradicate anything that wasn’t catholic.
THE SUPPRESSION OF HERETIC VIEWS
Was Erasmisism followed by the inquisition?
Yes
THE SUPPRESSION OF HERETIC VIEWS
How many cases of Lutheranism were there in Spain?
Only 107 - a success for Charles
CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS
What happened to all the Mudejars in Castile by 1502?
They had to either convert or leave
CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS
What happened to Mudejars during the Germania revolt?
Many were forcibly converted
CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS
What happened in 1525?
Those still not converted were told to convert or leave
CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS
Were there any measures taken to ensure converts were genuine?
No
CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS
What was Charles’ informed to a visit in Granada during 1526
“The Moriscos are truly Moors; not 7 of them would truly be Christian”
CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS
What attempts were made to completely remove all existing traces of Moorish civilisation in Granada?
- Charles suspended Moorish dress, language, and dance rituals
- Attempts made to create better education for converts
CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS
Why did Charles revise some policies?
He needed a loan from Granada
CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS
Were the policies successful?
Not particularly
WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY
Describe costs of the royal household
- Upkeeping costs
- Expensive ceremonial courts
- Burgundian styled
- Order of the golden fleece introduced with all of te pageantry associated with it
WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY
What percentage of the crowns income was spent on the upkeep of the royal household?
10%
WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY Describe the dominance of the Hidalgo class in Cortes
- A result of the Communeros revolt
- Had a detrimental effect on Spanish industries
- Caused longer term economic problems
WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY
Describe the crown’s financial state when Charles’ became king
- Had to spend much money of his imperial election of HRE
- Domination of the mesta
- Greed of Burgundian followers
WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY
Describe the impact of the Empire
- Costly to upkeep and run
- Wars in the Empire
- Travelling between the Empire
WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY
Describe the impact of inflation
- Price of wheat and oil doubled by 1559
- Salaries couldn’t match the rise in prices
- Some land rent rose by 86%
- Spanish economy a good market to sell to and a bad one to buy from
WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY
Describe the impacts of war
- Expensive
- Burden fell on Castile
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
Where was finance expected to come from?
All areas of Charles’ empire
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
Where did imperial expenses normally come from?
Castile
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
What did different parts of the empire object to?
Paying money for a part of the empire that wasn’t their own
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
Describe income from Castile
- Contributed the most to Charles’ financial income
- Little resistance from the Cortes to higher taxation
- Most significant tax was the alcabala
- Increased tax burden on lower middle classes
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
Describe borrowing
- Charles’ failure to increase tax on nobility meant he had to undergo more borrowing
- Mainly through the sale of juros
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
Describe income from Aragon
- Aragonese constitutions meant little could be raised in taxes
- Aragon was not financially strong enough to offer Charles’ much economic help
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
Describe income from the church
- Pope allowed Charles to receive some of the Church’s income
- 372000 ducats were raised this was in 1532, and 500000 by 1551
- Cruzada tax: raised an average of 121000 ducats a year
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
What percentage of Charles’ income came from the church
25%
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
Describe income from the New World
- Silver mines founded in 1540
- 324000 made in 1550
- Input from America made a vital contribution to Charles’ economy
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
In 1522 what did Charles result to?
Other measures of raising money
METHODS OF RAISING MONEY
What were Charles’ alternative money raising measures?
- Sales of public offices
- Sales of nobility titles meaning there were even less tax payers
ECONOMY FIGURES
What was the revenue on repaying loans in 1543?
65%
ECONOMY FIGURES
What happened to Venezuela?
Sold to a family in order to pay off loans
ECONOMY FIGURES
How much did it cost to repay Charles’ loans?
10,000,000 ducats
ECONOMY FIGURES
What did Charles sell to the Fuggers in 1525?
The military orders
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
When was the communeros revolt and what did it expose?
1520 to 21, exposed just how vulnerable Charles’ regime was
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
Describe three reasons for the communeros revolt
- The bad economy
- Charles was a foreigner
- Unhappy with corruption
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
Who refused to send representatives to the cortes of santiago in 1520?
Toledo and Salamanca
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
What were expelled from Castilian towns?
Corregidores and other types of royal officials
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
Where was royal authority lost?
Sergovia
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
State the Kilsby quote
Gentry and townsmen opposed against a regime which they regarded as inimical to their interests, and which threatened to sacrifice castile to an imperial or dynastic policy
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
What else did the townspeople resent?
The appointment of non-native officials, such as Adrien of Untrecht
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
Where were many pps of the revolt from?
Middling ranks and lower nobility, they felt Charles was neglecting them
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
When did the revolt gain greater momentum?
After a governmental failure led to a destructive fire in Medina Del Campo
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
By August 1520, 13 towns had became official members of what?
The ‘Santa Juanta de Comunidad’
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
What did the Santa Juanta de Comunidad try and do?
Make Juana their figurehead, the rebels were no longer soliciting reform, but trying to impose more rigorous restrictions on the King
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
Give three reasons the revolt failed?
- Disunity, grandees opposed revolt, lower nobility didn’t
- Caused peasant unrest
- No support from Aragon
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
Where was the main rebel army defeated?
At the battle of Villarar, marked the official end to the revolt
THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT
When did nobles become happier?
After Charles’ agreed to marry a Spanish princess in 1512
THE GERMANIA REVOLT
What did the Germania revolt happen simultaneously to?
The Communeros revolt
THE GERMANIA REVOLT
What happened in August 1519?
Armed mobs attacked the Inquisition in the city of Valenica for being too lenient.
THE GERMANIA REVOLT
Why were grievances also social?
People angry the nobles were protecting the moors
THE GERMANIA REVOLT
What did the Germania revolt plan to do?
Remodel Valencia’s constitution; they sent a deputation in Charles to confirm their rights
THE GERMANIA REVOLT
What were Germania’s driven by?
Class conflicts, which led to widespread revolt against the nobles
THE GERMANIA REVOLT
In addition to targeting the Moors, what did the revolt do?
Overwhelm the governor of Valencia’s army at Gandia in 1512?
THE GERMANIA REVOLT
Why was the revolt eventually quashed?
It represented too many interest groups and couldn’t find common cause with the Communeros revolt.
AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS
What did the communeros revolt do?
Paralyse much of Castile for 12 months. Charles undertook a royal progress accompanied by 4000 soldiers through rebel towns
AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS
What happened to 22 agitators?
They were tried and arrested
AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS
Was royal authority reastablished?
Yes, corregidores returned to their positions
AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS
What was the failure of the revolt for towns?
A serious blow to their political autonomy
AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS
Was this a personal victory for Charles?
Yes; got collaboration from nobles but did not satisfy their power grabs
AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS
What was decreed in 1525?
Muslims banned from practicing Islam in Spain
AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS
Give four overall consequences
- Charles experienced no more serious revolts
- Learnt Castilian
- Appointed natives to government positions
- Learned the importance of accepting and protecting regional liberites
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
What represented, in theory, all of Charles’ empire?
The Council of State, set up by Gattinara in 1526
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
What was Charles preferred way of drawing up policy?
Working through Granvelle and Cobos
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
What did the revolts act as a stark warning of?
Monarchs could endanger their own positions if they threatened the autonomy of different states
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
What did Charles do to not infringe upon autonomy?
Allocate an official capital
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
What did the imperial court do?
Follow Charles
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
Where did administrators tend to work?
In Valladolid
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
What did each separate part of Charles’ empire have?
Separate judicial, political and fiscal systems
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
What did Charles rule the empire as?
In keeping with his family, as head of a dynastic organisation
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
What did each individual kingdom expect?
Charles to remain there for a prolonged period of time, impossible, had to appoint family members as regents
ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS
Name the two regents in Castile and their dates
Isabella: 1529 - 1539
Philip: 1543 onwards
CONCILIAR SYSTEM
What did Charles insist on?
A Burgundian style court, costing approximately 200,000 ducats per anumn
CONCILIAR SYSTEM
What was the official language of the court?
Castilian, which Charles quickly learnt
CONCILIAR SYSTEM
What did Castilian nobles welcome?
The marriage of Charles and Isabella of Portugal
CONCILIAR SYSTEM
Who did Charles appoint to important roles in the Empire?
Spaniards, making them more sympathetic to the time he had to spend away
CONCILIAR SYSTEM
What did Charles extend?
The conciliar system he had inherited from Ferdinand and Isabella
CONCILIAR SYSTEM
Describe the four new councils Charles made
- Council of War: 1522
- Council of finance: 1523
- Council of Indies: 1524
- Council of Italy: 1555
CONCILIAR SYSTEM
Did Charles still appoint letrados rather than nobility?
Yes
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
What did Charles establish after 1522?
Good working relationships with the cortes and he began to call them regularly thereafter
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
What became increasingly influential as Charles’ reign progressed?
His secrataries
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
What did royal secretaries represent?
The primary medium between King and Council
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
What did the secretaries do?
Dominated the agenda for council meetings and drafted the royal documents
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
Who were the most preeminent buerocrats?
Cobos and Granvelle
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
Why did nobles never pose too much of a threat to Charles?
The outcomes of the revolts, and often feuded between themselves so unable to all join forces
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
What was the aristocracy expected to do?
Perform military service, hold the public office and serve the state of law in finance and trade
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
What did the nobility continue to do?
Dominate towns, particularly the hidalgos
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
What were noble careers guided by?
The lucrative opportunities of a world wide monarch
INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES
What caused anger amongst grandees?
Most official roles being taken by lawyers or merchants
DOMESTIC POLICIES
Over his reign how much time did Charles spend in Castile and Aragon?
6 years in Aragon, 11 in Castile
INFLATION
How much did prices rise by in this period?
400%
INFLATION
Give the three contemporary explanations for inflation
- Wickedness
- Laziness
- Spanish imports of gold and silver from the New World
INFLATION
What was Hamilton’s explanation for inflation?
The bullion coming from the New World increased the rise in goods, compared amount of imports to inflation figures
INFLATION
Give criticisms of Hamilton’s theory
- The trend is not always accurate
- Silver registered at Seville may not be the correct quantity
- Regional variety
- Not the same price increase across all products
INFLATION
Which historian investigated the law of supply and demand and what is this theory?
John Lynch, more money increased prices
INFLATION
Describe population increase in Spain
- Steadily rising since 15th century
- Greatest growth between 1530 and 1570
- Causes a rise in prices
INFLATION
Give the main sufferers of inflation
Those on fixed incomes and the poor, lower clergy, towndwellers, unskilled labourers. Number of those in poverty increased.
INFLATION
Describe impacts on the crown
Suffered, however repaying loans was cheaper and could implement taxes
INFLATION
Describe impacts on nobility
Not significant, able to increase rent
INFLATION
Did entrepreneurs survive?
Yes, the strong ones did
INFLATION
Describe impact of inflation on agriculture
Production rised steadily, but not significantly
INFLATION
Describe food shortages
Made worse by inflation
INFLATION
Describe impacts on the sheep trade
Lost some power, but land remained at fixed rates
