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Charles Flashcards

1
Q

CHARLES’ RELIGIOUS AIMS

What were Charles’ 6 religious aims?

A
  • Continue the work of Ferdinand and Isabella
  • Reform the catholic church
  • Improve education of the clergy
  • Improve religious education of the masses
  • Ensure Lutheranism gains no support
  • Make Catholicism the sole religion of Spain
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2
Q

CHARLES’ RELIGIOUS AIMS

Describe four threats to the church

A
  • Erasmists: promoted ideas of a reformed chuch
  • Lutheranism: early protestants
  • Illuminists: similar to moriscos
  • Moriscos
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3
Q

THE EFFECTS OF THE WORK OF CISNEROS

What did Cisneros found in 1508

A

The University of Alcala, which helped improve the education of the clergy

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4
Q

THE EFFECTS OF THE WORK OF CISNEROS

When and how was the polyglot bible published?

A

1522, by way of the printing press

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5
Q

THE EFFECTS OF THE WORK OF CISNEROS

What did the improvement in education of bishops mean?

A

Many of them were able to take on important roles in the Councils of the Church, particularly in the council of Trent

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6
Q

THE EFFECTS OF THE WORK OF CISNEROS

What were the limitations of Cisneros’ work?

A

Ordinary clergy still did not have the education or training to their lives or to their ability in order to teach Christianity

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7
Q

THE EFFECTS OF THE WORK OF CISNEROS

Was the work under military orders more successful?

A

Yes, it was missionaries from the Dominicans in particular who carried out missionary work in the New World

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8
Q

THE SUPPRESSION OF HERETIC VIEWS

What was Charles’ determined of?

A

To stop the spread of protestantism in Spain

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9
Q

THE SUPPRESSION OF HERETIC VIEWS

What did the illuminists believe and how were they dealt with?

A

The illuminists believed that they could put themselves in direct, personal communication with God through mediation and prayer. This group was dealt with by the Inquisition

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10
Q

THE SUPPRESSION OF HERETIC VIEWS

Describe Erasmianism in Spain

A

Promoted the idea of a reformed church which incorporated learning, private prayer and mediation. At first this was supported in Spain but by the 1520s steps had been taken to eradicate anything that wasn’t catholic.

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11
Q

THE SUPPRESSION OF HERETIC VIEWS

Was Erasmisism followed by the inquisition?

A

Yes

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12
Q

THE SUPPRESSION OF HERETIC VIEWS

How many cases of Lutheranism were there in Spain?

A

Only 107 - a success for Charles

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13
Q

CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS

What happened to all the Mudejars in Castile by 1502?

A

They had to either convert or leave

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14
Q

CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS

What happened to Mudejars during the Germania revolt?

A

Many were forcibly converted

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15
Q

CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS

What happened in 1525?

A

Those still not converted were told to convert or leave

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16
Q

CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS

Were there any measures taken to ensure converts were genuine?

A

No

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17
Q

CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS

What was Charles’ informed to a visit in Granada during 1526

A

“The Moriscos are truly Moors; not 7 of them would truly be Christian”

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18
Q

CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS

What attempts were made to completely remove all existing traces of Moorish civilisation in Granada?

A
  • Charles suspended Moorish dress, language, and dance rituals
  • Attempts made to create better education for converts
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19
Q

CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS

Why did Charles revise some policies?

A

He needed a loan from Granada

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20
Q

CHARLES’ POLICY TOWARDS MORISCOS

Were the policies successful?

A

Not particularly

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21
Q

WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY

Describe costs of the royal household

A
  • Upkeeping costs
  • Expensive ceremonial courts
  • Burgundian styled
  • Order of the golden fleece introduced with all of te pageantry associated with it
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22
Q

WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY

What percentage of the crowns income was spent on the upkeep of the royal household?

A

10%

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23
Q 
WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY
Describe the dominance of the Hidalgo class in Cortes
A
  • A result of the Communeros revolt
  • Had a detrimental effect on Spanish industries
  • Caused longer term economic problems
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24
Q

WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY

Describe the crown’s financial state when Charles’ became king

A
  • Had to spend much money of his imperial election of HRE
  • Domination of the mesta
  • Greed of Burgundian followers
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25
Q

WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY

Describe the impact of the Empire

A
  • Costly to upkeep and run
  • Wars in the Empire
  • Travelling between the Empire
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26
Q

WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY

Describe the impact of inflation

A
  • Price of wheat and oil doubled by 1559
  • Salaries couldn’t match the rise in prices
  • Some land rent rose by 86%
  • Spanish economy a good market to sell to and a bad one to buy from
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27
Q

WHY IS CHARLES SHORT OF MONEY

Describe the impacts of war

A
  • Expensive

- Burden fell on Castile

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28
Q

METHODS OF RAISING MONEY

Where was finance expected to come from?

A

All areas of Charles’ empire

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29
Q

METHODS OF RAISING MONEY

Where did imperial expenses normally come from?

A

Castile

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30
Q

METHODS OF RAISING MONEY

What did different parts of the empire object to?

A

Paying money for a part of the empire that wasn’t their own

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31
Q

METHODS OF RAISING MONEY

Describe income from Castile

A
  • Contributed the most to Charles’ financial income
  • Little resistance from the Cortes to higher taxation
  • Most significant tax was the alcabala
  • Increased tax burden on lower middle classes
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32
Q

METHODS OF RAISING MONEY

Describe borrowing

A
  • Charles’ failure to increase tax on nobility meant he had to undergo more borrowing
  • Mainly through the sale of juros
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33
Q

METHODS OF RAISING MONEY

Describe income from Aragon

A
  • Aragonese constitutions meant little could be raised in taxes
  • Aragon was not financially strong enough to offer Charles’ much economic help
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34
Q

METHODS OF RAISING MONEY

Describe income from the church

A
  • Pope allowed Charles to receive some of the Church’s income
  • 372000 ducats were raised this was in 1532, and 500000 by 1551
  • Cruzada tax: raised an average of 121000 ducats a year
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35
Q

METHODS OF RAISING MONEY

What percentage of Charles’ income came from the church

A

25%

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36
Q

METHODS OF RAISING MONEY

Describe income from the New World

A
  • Silver mines founded in 1540
  • 324000 made in 1550
  • Input from America made a vital contribution to Charles’ economy
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37
Q

METHODS OF RAISING MONEY

In 1522 what did Charles result to?

A

Other measures of raising money

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38
Q

METHODS OF RAISING MONEY

What were Charles’ alternative money raising measures?

A
  • Sales of public offices

- Sales of nobility titles meaning there were even less tax payers

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39
Q

ECONOMY FIGURES

What was the revenue on repaying loans in 1543?

A

65%

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40
Q

ECONOMY FIGURES

What happened to Venezuela?

A

Sold to a family in order to pay off loans

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41
Q

ECONOMY FIGURES

How much did it cost to repay Charles’ loans?

A

10,000,000 ducats

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42
Q

ECONOMY FIGURES

What did Charles sell to the Fuggers in 1525?

A

The military orders

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43
Q

THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT

When was the communeros revolt and what did it expose?

A

1520 to 21, exposed just how vulnerable Charles’ regime was

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44
Q

THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT

Describe three reasons for the communeros revolt

A
  • The bad economy
  • Charles was a foreigner
  • Unhappy with corruption
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45
Q

THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT

Who refused to send representatives to the cortes of santiago in 1520?

A

Toledo and Salamanca

46
Q

THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT

What were expelled from Castilian towns?

A

Corregidores and other types of royal officials

47
Q

THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT

Where was royal authority lost?

A

Sergovia

48
Q

THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT

State the Kilsby quote

A

Gentry and townsmen opposed against a regime which they regarded as inimical to their interests, and which threatened to sacrifice castile to an imperial or dynastic policy

49
Q

THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT

What else did the townspeople resent?

A

The appointment of non-native officials, such as Adrien of Untrecht

50
Q

THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT

Where were many pps of the revolt from?

A

Middling ranks and lower nobility, they felt Charles was neglecting them

51
Q

THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT

When did the revolt gain greater momentum?

A

After a governmental failure led to a destructive fire in Medina Del Campo

52
Q

THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT

By August 1520, 13 towns had became official members of what?

A

The ‘Santa Juanta de Comunidad’

53
Q

THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT

What did the Santa Juanta de Comunidad try and do?

A

Make Juana their figurehead, the rebels were no longer soliciting reform, but trying to impose more rigorous restrictions on the King

54
Q

THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT

Give three reasons the revolt failed?

A
  • Disunity, grandees opposed revolt, lower nobility didn’t
  • Caused peasant unrest
  • No support from Aragon
55
Q

THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT

Where was the main rebel army defeated?

A

At the battle of Villarar, marked the official end to the revolt

56
Q

THE COMMUNEROS REVOLT

When did nobles become happier?

A

After Charles’ agreed to marry a Spanish princess in 1512

57
Q

THE GERMANIA REVOLT

What did the Germania revolt happen simultaneously to?

A

The Communeros revolt

58
Q

THE GERMANIA REVOLT

What happened in August 1519?

A

Armed mobs attacked the Inquisition in the city of Valenica for being too lenient.

59
Q

THE GERMANIA REVOLT

Why were grievances also social?

A

People angry the nobles were protecting the moors

60
Q

THE GERMANIA REVOLT

What did the Germania revolt plan to do?

A

Remodel Valencia’s constitution; they sent a deputation in Charles to confirm their rights

61
Q

THE GERMANIA REVOLT

What were Germania’s driven by?

A

Class conflicts, which led to widespread revolt against the nobles

62
Q

THE GERMANIA REVOLT

In addition to targeting the Moors, what did the revolt do?

A

Overwhelm the governor of Valencia’s army at Gandia in 1512?

63
Q

THE GERMANIA REVOLT

Why was the revolt eventually quashed?

A

It represented too many interest groups and couldn’t find common cause with the Communeros revolt.

64
Q

AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS

What did the communeros revolt do?

A

Paralyse much of Castile for 12 months. Charles undertook a royal progress accompanied by 4000 soldiers through rebel towns

65
Q

AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS

What happened to 22 agitators?

A

They were tried and arrested

66
Q

AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS

Was royal authority reastablished?

A

Yes, corregidores returned to their positions

67
Q

AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS

What was the failure of the revolt for towns?

A

A serious blow to their political autonomy

68
Q

AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS

Was this a personal victory for Charles?

A

Yes; got collaboration from nobles but did not satisfy their power grabs

69
Q

AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS

What was decreed in 1525?

A

Muslims banned from practicing Islam in Spain

70
Q

AFTERMATH OF THE REVOLTS

Give four overall consequences

A
  • Charles experienced no more serious revolts
  • Learnt Castilian
  • Appointed natives to government positions
  • Learned the importance of accepting and protecting regional liberites
71
Q

ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS

What represented, in theory, all of Charles’ empire?

A

The Council of State, set up by Gattinara in 1526

72
Q

ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS

What was Charles preferred way of drawing up policy?

A

Working through Granvelle and Cobos

73
Q

ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS

What did the revolts act as a stark warning of?

A

Monarchs could endanger their own positions if they threatened the autonomy of different states

74
Q

ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS

What did Charles do to not infringe upon autonomy?

A

Allocate an official capital

75
Q

ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS

What did the imperial court do?

A

Follow Charles

76
Q

ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS

Where did administrators tend to work?

A

In Valladolid

77
Q

ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS

What did each separate part of Charles’ empire have?

A

Separate judicial, political and fiscal systems

78
Q

ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS

What did Charles rule the empire as?

A

In keeping with his family, as head of a dynastic organisation

79
Q

ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS

What did each individual kingdom expect?

A

Charles to remain there for a prolonged period of time, impossible, had to appoint family members as regents

80
Q

ONE RULER: INDEPENDENT LANDS

Name the two regents in Castile and their dates

A

Isabella: 1529 - 1539
Philip: 1543 onwards

81
Q

CONCILIAR SYSTEM

What did Charles insist on?

A

A Burgundian style court, costing approximately 200,000 ducats per anumn

82
Q

CONCILIAR SYSTEM

What was the official language of the court?

A

Castilian, which Charles quickly learnt

83
Q

CONCILIAR SYSTEM

What did Castilian nobles welcome?

A

The marriage of Charles and Isabella of Portugal

84
Q

CONCILIAR SYSTEM

Who did Charles appoint to important roles in the Empire?

A

Spaniards, making them more sympathetic to the time he had to spend away

85
Q

CONCILIAR SYSTEM

What did Charles extend?

A

The conciliar system he had inherited from Ferdinand and Isabella

86
Q

CONCILIAR SYSTEM

Describe the four new councils Charles made

A
  • Council of War: 1522
  • Council of finance: 1523
  • Council of Indies: 1524
  • Council of Italy: 1555
87
Q

CONCILIAR SYSTEM

Did Charles still appoint letrados rather than nobility?

A

Yes

88
Q

INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES

What did Charles establish after 1522?

A

Good working relationships with the cortes and he began to call them regularly thereafter

89
Q

INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES

What became increasingly influential as Charles’ reign progressed?

A

His secrataries

90
Q

INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES

What did royal secretaries represent?

A

The primary medium between King and Council

91
Q

INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES

What did the secretaries do?

A

Dominated the agenda for council meetings and drafted the royal documents

92
Q

INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES

Who were the most preeminent buerocrats?

A

Cobos and Granvelle

93
Q

INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES

Why did nobles never pose too much of a threat to Charles?

A

The outcomes of the revolts, and often feuded between themselves so unable to all join forces

94
Q

INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES

What was the aristocracy expected to do?

A

Perform military service, hold the public office and serve the state of law in finance and trade

95
Q

INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES

What did the nobility continue to do?

A

Dominate towns, particularly the hidalgos

96
Q

INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES

What were noble careers guided by?

A

The lucrative opportunities of a world wide monarch

97
Q

INDIVIDUALS AND DOMESTIC POLICIES

What caused anger amongst grandees?

A

Most official roles being taken by lawyers or merchants

98
Q

DOMESTIC POLICIES

Over his reign how much time did Charles spend in Castile and Aragon?

A

6 years in Aragon, 11 in Castile

99
Q

INFLATION

How much did prices rise by in this period?

A

400%

100
Q

INFLATION

Give the three contemporary explanations for inflation

A
  • Wickedness
  • Laziness
  • Spanish imports of gold and silver from the New World
101
Q

INFLATION

What was Hamilton’s explanation for inflation?

A

The bullion coming from the New World increased the rise in goods, compared amount of imports to inflation figures

102
Q

INFLATION

Give criticisms of Hamilton’s theory

A
  • The trend is not always accurate
  • Silver registered at Seville may not be the correct quantity
  • Regional variety
  • Not the same price increase across all products
103
Q

INFLATION

Which historian investigated the law of supply and demand and what is this theory?

A

John Lynch, more money increased prices

104
Q

INFLATION

Describe population increase in Spain

A
  • Steadily rising since 15th century
  • Greatest growth between 1530 and 1570
  • Causes a rise in prices
105
Q

INFLATION

Give the main sufferers of inflation

A

Those on fixed incomes and the poor, lower clergy, towndwellers, unskilled labourers. Number of those in poverty increased.

106
Q

INFLATION

Describe impacts on the crown

A

Suffered, however repaying loans was cheaper and could implement taxes

107
Q

INFLATION

Describe impacts on nobility

A

Not significant, able to increase rent

108
Q

INFLATION

Did entrepreneurs survive?

A

Yes, the strong ones did

109
Q

INFLATION

Describe impact of inflation on agriculture

A

Production rised steadily, but not significantly

110
Q

INFLATION

Describe food shortages

A

Made worse by inflation

111
Q

INFLATION

Describe impacts on the sheep trade

A

Lost some power, but land remained at fixed rates

Spain (2 decks)

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