Is the English Language bias Flashcards
What is Lexical assymetry
- same meaning but different connotations
How have the male titles different to the female titles ?
- male titles retained the original positive meaning
- female titles assume negative conditions - often ending with a sexually debased meaning
What is a marked term ?
- a slightly changed noun to refer to women
Example of a marked term ?
- actress, waitress.
Impact of women having marked terms ?
- it is suggested that men are more important as they are the standard unmarked term
Who gets marked terms ?
- When women move into a profession, the noun is changed
Who created the idea of a Negative Semantic Space
- Julia Spender
What is the Negative Semantic Space ?
- words for women receive negative connotations
What bound morpheme typically gets added to a marked term for women ?
- ess or ette,
What is the generic ‘he’ ?
-he is generically used to refer to both men and women
What is the generic ‘man’ ?
- man typically used in nouns such as ‘ mankind ‘ , ‘policeman ‘
What is language reflectionism ?
- language we use is shaped by our thoughts and beliefs
What does language reflections show ?
- Bias against women is evident in language
What did Muriel Schulz argue ?
- it is not an accident that there is more negative words for women
- it represents patriarchal order
How are women discriminated against semantically ?
- through animal and food imagery
What did Janet Holmes suggest about metaphors to describe men and women ?
- English metaphors to describe women include an extroadinarily high number of derogatory images compared to men
Impact of insults to do with female sexual promiscuity ?
- give sexist representation based on their identity which may affect them
How are insults biased ?
- Far more insults to do with female sexual promiscuity than there are male.
What does the Saphir Wharf hypothesis indicate ?
- Lnaguage indicate thoughts
Impact of Saphir Wharf hypothesis ?
- language to do with women can affect / impact attitudes
What did Dale Spender argue ?
- Our society is patriarchal and in this way language is controlled by men
What did Julia Stanley discover about words for women ?
- discovered that many words for women had sexual overtones ( 220 for sexual;y promiscuous female compared to 20 for a sexually promiscuous female
What does the discovery of Julia Stanley suggest ?
- language reflects sexual inequality
How is animal and food imagery for mena snowmen different
- Terms for women have much more negative connotations, with meanings focused n women as sexual objects
What is social constructionism ?
- children learn to construct language based on gathering rules from language
All examples of language biased against women ?
- generic he
- marked terms
- semantic imagery
- insults
- Lexical asymmetry
