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Ireland & The Union - A LEVEL HISTORY > IRISH NATIONALISM : FROM AGITATION TO CIVIL WAR > Flashcards

IRISH NATIONALISM : FROM AGITATION TO CIVIL WAR Flashcards

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1
Q

Protestant Ascendancy

A

Domination of the Anglo-Irish Protestant minority in Ireland, especially in the 18th and 19th centuries

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2
Q

Penal Laws

A

Laws that restricted the lives of Irish Catholics

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3
Q

When were the Penal Laws introduced?

A

1691

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4
Q

Lord Lieutenant

A

Chief representative of the British monarch in Ireland

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5
Q

Why did some agree with Britain’s policies?

A

Protestant landowners benefitted from the favourable economic environment

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6
Q

Why did the American revolution influence some of the Irish?

A

Irish had a shared experience with the Americans and watched the revolution closely and educated themselves on Republicanism

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7
Q

Why did the French revolution place Ireland in a vulnerable position?

A

French and Spanish rivals might use the opportunity to invade the country and exploit it as a staging port for an attack on Britain

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8
Q

Who were the Irish Volunteers?

A

Loyal-spirited Protestants who undertook military drills and paraded ready for an invasion against them

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9
Q

Act of 1720

A

Declaring the right of Britain to legislate for Ireland

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10
Q

Why was Britain’s power reduced by 1780?

A

The influence of the American revolution and the creation of a well-organised and armed militia to support any new demands

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11
Q

Who was the principal advocate for greater legislative independence in the 1700’s?

A

Henry Grattan

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12
Q

Patronage

A

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

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13
Q

Constitution of 1782

A

Repealed the 1720 act and reduced Britain’s control over legislation to a simple right of veto

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14
Q

Mutiny Act

A

Gave Irish parliament the authority to punish soldiers who refused orders

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15
Q

Why was the Constitution of 1782 not a reality?

A

Government was still under control of the lord lieutenant

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16
Q

What did younger men believe would help them achieve their goal of greater political autonomy?

A

A union between Protestants and Catholics to challenge dominant conservatism

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17
Q

What were the United Irishmen’s demands?

A
  • Ireland would be divided into 300 parliamentary constituencies equal in population.
  • Every man should have a vote.
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18
Q

The 1798 Uprising

A
  • Organised by Theobald Wolfe Tone
  • May 1798
  • 15,000 fighting men
  • Poorly co-ordinated
  • Confined to countryside
  • Failure of immediate French support
  • Even when French arrived no reignition
  • Transformed future of Ireland
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19
Q

Tithes

A

A tax of 10% on produce or earning that was given to the church

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20
Q

Reformation

A

Split within Christianity - Protestantism and Catholicism

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21
Q

Why did Tithes anger Catholics?

A

They had to pay for the new Protestant church

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22
Q

Tithe Composition Act

A

Made the tax a general land-based monetary charge that consequently became payable twice-yearly by larger numbers of Irish farmers

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23
Q

What resentment did the Tithe Composition Act create?

A
  • Resentment towards paying the tithe

- Example of British oppression

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24
Q

When did the Tithe Wars begin?

A

October 1830

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25
Q

What did the Tithe Wars follow after?

A

Period of agricultural depression that saw reduced prices and less money coming to farmers

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26
Q

How many counties refused to pay the Tithes?

A

22

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27
Q

What violence was used during the Tithe Wars?

A

Police and yeomanry used to seize property in absence of payment

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28
Q

Where were some of the violent outbursts during the Tithe Wars?

A
  • County Wexford, June 1831, 14 killed.

- County Kilkenny, December 1831, bailiff and 12 police killed

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29
Q

Tithe Rentcharge Act 1838

A

Payable only by landlords

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30
Q

Catholic Emancipation 1829

A

The right of Catholics to vote in elections and to be politicians

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31
Q

When was the Repeal Association founded?

A

1840

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32
Q

What was the Repeal Association?

A
  • Raise funds via ‘repeal rents’

- Then could pressurise Westminster into granting repeal

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33
Q

How did Daniel O’Connell sought to achieve pressure to Westminster?

A

‘Monster meetings’

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34
Q

How many people attended these ‘Monster Meetings’?

A

100,000-500,000

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35
Q

What monster meeting was undoubtly noticed by the British?

A

Tara meeting in august 1843, 750,000 attended

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36
Q

Why did the Repeal Association fail?

A

the British gave O’Connell a choice to either submit to the ruling or risk conflict with military

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37
Q

Who were the members of Young Ireland?

A
  • Thomas Davis
  • Charles Gavin Duffy
  • John Mitchel
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38
Q

What differed between Young Ireland & O’Connell?

A

Embraced much grander ideas and resolved to achieve them through whatever means necessary

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39
Q

What did the older generation think of Young Ireland?

A

Too naive and hot-headed

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40
Q

Why did YI separate from O’Connell?

A

His ideas were too conservative

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41
Q

Did Young Ireland have support outside of Dublin?

A

No, it’s open minded stance did not win much support amongst Catholic clergy

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42
Q

The 1848 Rebellion

A
  • Transpired after the arrest of John Mitchel in may.
  • British government aware of Irish discontent and sent spies who exposed conspiracy.
  • 21 July 1848, British pour 10,000 troops into Ireland and abandon habeas corpus.
  • YI moved from Dublin to countryside.
  • Several leaders sentenced to death or arrested.
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43
Q

Why was the 1848 Rebellion different from previous nationalist activities?

A

Instead of being cowed by the show of the British force they sought to make a stand, this was a more assertive nationalism that was prepared to push for its objectives

44
Q

How are the Fenian’s different to previous Irish Nationalists?

A

Much more radical in demands - wanting complete independence and willing to act with violence in order to achieve it

45
Q

How were the Fenian’s able to recruit so many members in the 1860s?

A

Philip Coyne, a New York Fenian who was able to make a tour of the organisation, achieved by Stephens own hardworking and skill

46
Q

How did Fenian’s maintain secrecy?

A

Used oath-swearing and system of ‘cells’

47
Q

Who was the founder of the IRB?

A

James Stephens

48
Q

What were the aims of the IRB?

A

Create an Irish republic

49
Q

What were the failures of the 1867 Fenian Rising?

A
  • Event postponed because of failure to acquire sufficient weapons, 6,000 firearms for 50,000 people.
  • James Stephens arrested in March without his organisational skills it wasn’t well managed.
  • Division of leadership and poor management of resources.
  • Only 1,500 weapons in dublin.
  • Francis Millen wanted guerrilla style attack but ignored by other IRB commanders.
  • By April more than 200 IRB prisoners taken.
  • Leaders such as Godfrey Massey turned into government informants.
50
Q

What was a success of the 1867 Fenian Rising?

A

Men arrested and executed in Manchester seen as Martys to the Irish cause, offered propaganda value

51
Q

Who headed the new Home Rule movement after the failure of the Fenian Rising?

A

Isaac Butt

52
Q

Why was Butt’s own nationalism different from the Catholic-dominated ideas of the IRB?

A

Placed greater value upon the benefits that a positive relationship with Britain could bring

53
Q

How did Butt aim to achieve his objectives?

A

Home Rule League established in 1870, contested the election in 1874 and won half of the Irish seats (60 out of 101) giving them a useful degree of influence in parliament where they pressed for HR.

54
Q

What were the people’s alternative to Butt’s objectives?

A

Obstructionist policy - slowing down parliament

55
Q

What was the significance of Isaac Butt & the Home Rule League even though it failed?

A

Maintained and renewed interest after the failed Fenian Rising and his movement acted as a lifeline for nationalist sentiment

56
Q

What was the Home Rule Confederation renamed?

A

Irish Parliamentary Party

57
Q

What were members of the IPP required to uphold?

A

‘The pledge’ to vote and act as they were told by Parnell and the party hierarchy

58
Q

How many seats did the IPP win?

A

86 out of 103

59
Q

What British prime minister was motivated to introduce a home rule bill for Ireland?

A

William Gladstone

60
Q

Why did William Gladstone want home rule?

A

As a means of securing the Irish vote

61
Q

What did the Home Rule proposal say?

A
  • New parliament to Ireland that would take responsibility for all domestic affairs.
  • Retaining Ireland as a member of the British Empire
62
Q

Which significant powers would Britain still have control over, even after Home Rule?

A

Control of defence, foreign affairs and coinage

63
Q

Who opposed the 1886 Home Rule proposal bill?

A
  • Irish unionists in the north
  • Conservative party
  • Disapproving Liberal MP’s
64
Q

What was the result of the 1886 Home Rule bill vote?

A

311 in favour, 341 opposed

65
Q

What were the long term successes of the 1886 Home Rule bill?

A
  • Prospect of future success
  • Irish had won significant support from one of Britains largest political parties
  • Important achievement that bode well for future aspirations
66
Q

Orange Order

A

Protestant organization set up to protect Protestants and their interests

67
Q

What split the IPP?

A

Parnell’s affair with William O’Shea (one of his loyal supporters) wife, Katherine.

68
Q

Who opposed Home Rule?

A

People in Ulster

69
Q

Why did Ulster’s community reject Home Rule?

A

Feared that Catholicism would take over

70
Q

When was the Ulster Unionist Party established?

A

1886

71
Q

Who was the leader of the UUP?

A

Edward Carson

72
Q

Who held the power in Westminster in 1910?

A

IPP

73
Q

What was the ‘Unionist Identity’?

A

Viewed themselves as ‘British’ not Irish

74
Q

When was the Ulster Covenant organised?

A

September 1912

75
Q

What was the Ulster Covenant?

A

A document that declared it’s signatories opposition to home rule and more threateningly, their willingness to use all means necessary to prevent the bills passage

76
Q

When was The Ulster Volunteer Force formed?

A

January 1913

77
Q

How many members were there in the UVF?

A

90,000

78
Q

Why was the ‘Curragh incident’ significant?

A
  • Highlighted the depth of feeling that existed towards the unionists plight.
  • Gave the unions greater confidence to challenge the proposed legislation.
79
Q

What happened during the Curragh incident?

A

British army officers garrisoned at Curragh in County Kildare threatened to resign their commissions rather than be used to coerce the unionists to accept home rule

80
Q

What did the British document say about the UVF?

A

Britain could not use British troops to subdue the unionists because of the evident sympathies that existed amongst the army on the issue of home rule

81
Q

What was the Larne gun-running incident?

A

In April 1914 the unionists strengthened their position by taking possession of a cache of firearms shipped from Germany in Larne.

82
Q

When was the third Home Rule bill finally passed?

A

September 1914

83
Q

What happened to the third Home Rule bill?

A

Postponed because of WW1

84
Q

When was Sinn Fein founded?

A

1905

85
Q

What did Sinn Fein want?

A

Greater independence

86
Q

Who organised Sinn Fein?

A

Arthur Griffith

87
Q

How did Sinn Fein out to achieve independance?

A

More radical policy of obstructionism

88
Q

Who were the members of the small military council in May 1915?

A
  • Patrick Pearse
  • Joseph Plunkett
  • Sean MacDermott
  • Eoin Ceannt
  • Thomas Clarke
89
Q

When did the Easter Rising take place?

A

24th April 1916

90
Q

Easter Rising

A
  • Seized prominent buildings around Dublin.
  • 1,000 armed volunteers, 200 irish citizen army personnel.
  • Issued a proclamation of independence
  • Britain quick to respond
  • 29 April rising was over
  • 64 rebels and 132 british dead
  • 200 civilans dead
  • Immense damage to property
91
Q

What was a result to the Easter Rising?

A

Hardened Irish hearts to the British authorities and did more to alienate Irish minds than anything before

92
Q

What were the results to the 1918 General Election?

A
  • 6 seats to the IPP
  • 26 seats to the Unionists
  • 73 seats to Sinn Fein
93
Q

What did Sinn Fein call their own parliament?

A

Dail Eireaan

94
Q

What did obstructionism by the Sinn Fein cause?

A
  • Anger from unionists

- Britain sent troops into the country to break up the parliament and assert British authority there

95
Q

War of Independence/Anglo-Irish War

A
  • 9 IRA members killed two police officers in County Tipperary on 21st January 1919
  • Encouraged british deployment of troops
  • IRA employed guerrilla warfare
  • Micheal Collins deliberately targeted and killed detectives in police force
  • Increased britains use of aggressive techniques
96
Q

Guerrilla Warfare

A

A hit-and-run technique used in fighting a war; fighting by small bands of warriors using tactics such as sudden ambushes

97
Q

What were the British’s two new auxiliary forced sent to Ireland in 1920?

A

The Auxiliaries & Black and Tans

98
Q

Croke Park Stadium Massacre (Bloody Sunday)

A
  • 21 November 1920
  • Detachment of Black and Tans drove an armoured car into a sports field during a match
  • Killed 14 people
99
Q

Who was David Lloyd George?

A

British Prime Minister (Liberal)

100
Q

Government of Ireland Act 1920

A

British law that created the state of Northern Ireland from 6 of the 9 counties of Ulster

101
Q

Dominion Status

A

Recognition as an autonomous community within the British Empire of equal status to Britain itself

102
Q

Fiscal Autonomy

A

Control over their own money

103
Q

Who rejected the Anglo-Irish Treaty?

A

Eamon de Valera - contained an oath of allegiance that they felt continued to subordinate Ireland to Britain

104
Q

When was the Anglo-Irish Treaty formally accepted?

A

7 January 1922

105
Q

Civil War

A
  • Liam Lynch commander
  • 28 June 1922
  • Government troops attacked anti-treaty force’s headquarters in Dublin
  • Anti-treaty Irregulars didn’t perform well
  • More effective in countryside
  • Defeated by December when government introduced
106
Q

When did the Civil War end?

A

24 May 1923

Ireland & The Union - A LEVEL HISTORY (5 decks)

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