Ireland

Question 1

when was Ireland first invaded? what was the outcome? why did they enter?

Answer 1

Began in 1155 when Pope Adrian IV released a papal bull (decree from Pope) allowing England to invade Ireland.
In 1169 invasion happened.
Mother told king to wait to invade.
Pope was not happy with church in Ireland.
Wasn’t overly successful and only a small amount of Ireland was under direct English rule; the Pale- quite close to Wales.
Anglo Normans were sent to conquer.
King entered Ireland because he wanted Dublin due to resources.

Question 2

who was King Henry II? what did he do with/to Ireland?

Answer 2

King of England 1154-1189.
First king to enter Ireland.
Sought to put Catholicism in Ireland. 
Legalised status of invaders in Ireland. 
Might have wanted to have more land.

Question 3

who was King Henry VIII? what did he cause inEngland?

Answer 3

King of England 1509-1547
Important figure in Irish-english relations.
Face of reformation in England.
Initiated reformation to solve marriage issues and ensure succession to his royalty- could not have a son.
Wanted to erase memory of marriage, not just divorce.
Asked pope, usually ok with bribes, but a guy in charge of religion did not want queen to loose everything.
Said marrying Anne was from God because he couldn’t have a son.
Passed a law to be king of Ireland.
Due to religious affiliations was a significant spark of anger between Ireland and England.
Started Church of England and set up a cardinal who could divorce them, pope was upset, left them.
Ireland was catholic.

Question 4

what was the plantation plan?

Answer 4

Religious divide continues.
Fear that Ireland would invade and implement Catholicism.
Queen Elizabeth I put in a plantation policy to stop this.
Policy confiscated Irish Catholic and gave it to loyal protestants.
Planting supporters in foreign territory in an attempt to maintain control.

Question 5

what was the 1600s rebellion?

Answer 5

Gaelic lords got together to rebel against protestant England- 9 year war (1593-1603).
Gaelic lords wanted to stop control of England in Ireland.
Lost.
Biggest war until then.
Earls fled to Spain to help and safety- catholic safety.

Question 6

what was the second plantation policy implemented by?

Answer 6

Formally King James VI of Scotland.
Crowed King of Scotland, England and Ireland.
Protestant.
Continued plantation policy- fuelled by war.

Question 7

what was the reblellion of 1641? how long was it?

Answer 7

Inspired by Gaelic’s to fight for concessions for the Catholic Church in Ireland.
Sparked civil wars in England, Scotland and Irish.
Religious and ethnically inspired.
Ireland: native catholics and English catholics vs protestant English and Scottish.
11 year war.
Many stale mates.

Question 8

who was Oliver Cromwell? what did he do?

Answer 8

1599-1658
Leader of the house of commons (in english parliament).
1645 convinced parliament to recognise the army with himself in command.
Built a strong fighting force, paid them well, conducted sermons and hymns and essentially King Charles was forced to surrender.
Captured the King, dismissed the parliamentarians that disagreed with him and executed the King.
Abolished house of Lords.
Military dictator.

Question 9

what did Oliver Cromwell do in Ireland? how much of Ireland did catholics have in 1659?

Answer 9

Had control of England and was ruthless towards Ireland - because he might be patriotic and wanted control.
No one is sure what his religion was- wanted control though
Protestantism started to take the upper hand.
Catholics had less than 10% of Ireland in 1659.

Question 10

when did monarchy return?

Answer 10

Returned in 1660.
Church of England was restored.
Monarch wanted to strengthen protestant position.
Laws passed against catholics and those who refused to conform to church.

Question 11

when did King James II have power? why was he overthrown and what did he do?

Answer 11

Power in 1685.
Overthrown because he wanted Catholicism.
Fled to Ireland and the crown was given to daughter Mary II who married William III of Orange.
William fought and defeated James in 1680 to stop him gaining control.

Question 12

what were catholics not allowed to do: penal laws?

Answer 12

Catholics were prohibited from:
Sending sons abroad to be educated.
Could not vote.
Could not be in parliament.
Had restricted ability to own land.
Could not own horses over 5 pounds.
Could not pass land to single heir.
Holding firearms. 
Unable to marry Protestants.

Question 13

how was a union created between England and Ireland?

Answer 13

The Acts of the Union were two bills that make Britain and Ireland to become the UK.
United nations.
Irish MP’s were allowed in parliament.
Came into at in 1801.

Question 14

what happened in Ireland between 1800 and 1900? (2)

Answer 14

In 1829 Irish leader Daniel O’Connell.
Advocated for the Act of Catholic Emancipitation.
Allowed them to vote and becomes members of parliament.
Disease (blight) stuck potatoes nation wide in 1845.
Made potatoes inedible.
Potatoes were main staple for Irish.
Easier to grow all year, more sustainable than grain.
People got sick from eating them.
Trade agreements were controlled by London and they didn’t provide much support.
2 million people died or left between 1845-51.
About 20% of population were affected.
Ireland still has not regained population.

Question 15

what was the home rule? when were the first, second and third bills? how did people react?

Answer 15

Key series of acts that allowed Ireland to have some self-government. A little independence without England loosing control.
First bill in 1886- failed house of commons.
Second bill 1893- passed house of commons and failed house of lords.
Third bill 1914- passed both houses but was delayed due to WWI.
Rule was met with some scepticism.
Northern state of Ulster was quite protestant- felt they might be the minority in the independent catholic Ireland.
Nationalists felt that it was a good way to get independence.
Some did not feel there was enough independence.

Question 16

who were the prominent groups in Ireland? when were they established? what did they do/want?

Answer 16

Irish Volunteers:
Established in 1913
Irish nationalists.
Formed in response to Ulster Volunteers.
Wanted to ‘maintain the rights and liberties common to the whole people of Ireland’
Included members from Sinn Fein.
Peaked at 180,000 people.
Split over helping Britain at war. 
15000 after split. 

Irish citizen army:
Established in 1913-1917
Republicans
1000 members
Small but much more organised and trained the Volunteers
A lot of the members of the citizens army joined the Irish Republican Army (IRA)

Question 17

what was the easter rising? when did in occur and when? how did Britain respond and what were the outcomes?

Answer 17

Great War was a diversion about Irish Independence.
Some took it as a distraction.
Irish volunteers and Irish Citizen Army Planned to take Dublin in 1916.
Ship bringing ammunition was captured, hindering plan.
Sir Roger Casement, a leading Irish nationalists was also captured.
Two leaders, Patrick Pearse and James Connolly still wants to go ahead.
24th April rebel group took areas of Dublin making postoffice their base.
Patrick Pearse proclaimed that Ireland was an independent republic.
Uprising didn’t last long because they were outnumbered.
British sent in 20 000 troops that were being trained for WWI.
Supported by battle ship and used artillery to destroy.
Burnt a large part of the city.
Rebels were arrested and taken to prison.

Question 18

what was public opinion of the easter rising?

Answer 18

Majority of Irish population were surprised.

They waved British flags and verbally abused rebells.

Question 19

who was constance Gore Booth?

Answer 19

Important figure in uprising.
Wealthy protestant, educated abroad and married a Polish count.
Became a republican and joined the daughters of Ireland.
Elected in council of Sinn Fein.
Commanded group of Volunteers that captured the Royal Surgeons Building.
Arrested and then released.
First woman elected to house of commons but did not take seat.

Question 20

how did Britain respond to the easter rising?

Answer 20

Executed a number of rebels.
Shot and hung.
Caused British to lose support.
Furthered divide between them and Ireland by imposing marital laws and imprisoning Arthur Griffith.

Question 21

who was Arthur Griffiths?

Answer 21

1871-1922
Politician and writer
Founder of Sinn Fein
President of Dail Eireann in 1922.

Question 22

who was Sinn Fein? when did they become more popular? what did they want? what did they do?

Answer 22

Because of imprisonment of Griffith.
Popularity of party grew that became a revolutionary party.
Committed to the creation of an independent united Ireland.
winning a number of seats.
Challenged Irish nationalist party.
England tried to implement conscription on Ireland.
All parties, unions and groups united against England and conscription.
Sinn Fein got more seats in parliament due to this.
Didn’t want to take seats- didn’t want to be part of that parliament in England.
Created Parliament of Ireland in Dublin (Dail Eireann)
Created the declaration of independence 21 Jan 1919.
First meeting of Dail wasn’t attended by all because many MP’s were in prison.
One person was Eamon de Velara who was going to become president and Arthur-Griffith (vice-president).
Started collecting taxes etc.
Combined fighting forces with Irish citizen army and Irish volunteers to form IRA.

Question 23

what are the differences between Irish nationalists and Irish republicans and unionists?

Answer 23

IN: wanted Home Rule, bit more real about independence.
IR (Sinn Fein): wanted complete freedom.
Unionists: stay with Britain.

Question 24

what was the war of independence? when was it? how did the British respond and who else was involved?

Answer 24

Jan 1919, two weeks after declaring independence IRA, carried attack against Irish Constables killing two.
Marked beginning of “War of independence”
Throughout 1919 the IRA used guerrilla tactics against constables and British Forces.
British banned the Dial and Sinn Fein.
This didn’t stop attacks.
British had no policy to deal with it.
Tried to repress the IRA but this antagonised the civilians.
In 1920 176 policemen were killed and 54 soldiers by IRA.
Many policemen resigned due to fear.
7000 ex-soldiers Black and Tans.
Another force was the Auxiliaries composed of ex-army officers to deal with police resignations.

Question 25

who were involved in the war of independence?

Answer 25

Black and Tans
Ex-soldiers
7000
Wore khaki uniforms with black belts and peaked hats.

Auxiliaries
Ex-army officers.
Ill-disciplined.
Violent group.

Question 26

What was the government of Ireland Act 1920? what happened in the south?

Answer 26

Two parliaments in South and North.
Proportionally represented to safeguard minorities.
Both sides sent MPs to Britain.
Elections were held in the North and Ulster Unionists won.
In the South, no elections were contested and 124 Sinn Fein members ran out of 128 candidates.

Question 27

how did the war of independence end? how did this lead to the civil war?

Answer 27

Realised there could not be a winner.
Ceasefire in 1921.
Conference in London discussed treaty.
North was separated from South, so a partition seemed good.
Michael Collins and Arthur Griffiths signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921.
Loyd George thought he had solved the problem.
Valera was not happy, it gave Britain too much land.
Went to Dail and debated it- majority were for.
Griffith became new president and Valera resigned.
Collins was the head of the new government.
in 1922 electrons pro treaty group won the majority. (led by collins)
Valera and his supporters took action.
Fighting broke out between both sides of the treaty.
Irish Civil War.

Question 28

what was the civil war between and when was it? what was the outcome?

Answer 28

1922-24 May 1923
Pro-treaty called Free State Army. (Collins and Griffiths)
Anti-treaty was called irregulars or republicans. (de Valera)
In 1922 there was a battle, collins died.
Irish Free State imprisoned 11,000 Republicans and executed 77.

Question 29

what was the aftermath of the civil war?

Answer 29

Still impacting society today.
Devision between north and south.
IRA still conducted atrocities long after the war.