IRA/GRA 2 Flashcards
epidemiology
the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states in specific population and the application of this study to control problems
look at frequency and pattern. causes or factors
infectious, chronic diseases, environmental health, injury
assessment and epi (core functions)
Assessment, monitoring, and surveillance of local health problems and needs and resources dealing with them
monitor health status and understand issues
protect people from hazards
policy and epi
PD and leadership emphasizes local needs, advocates for equitable distribution of public resources
give people info to make healthy decisions
engage community to ID and solve health problems
develop PH policies and plans
assurance and epi
high quality services and available and accessible to all persons enforce health laws health people receive health services maintain competent workforce evaluate and improve programs
Minnesota wheel
surveillance, investigation, outreach and screening
Epi Triangle/triad
Host<>agent<>environment
vector in middle
agent
any element or force capable of causing disease, injury or disability
biologic, physical (heat, trauma) agents, chemical, nutritional, psychological (stress, lack of support)
host
any population at risk for developing the disease
age, nutritional status, race, genetics, education, susceptibility (vaccinations), behavior, SDH
environment
context in which host and agent interact
can be a combination that influence both; many overlaps
Vector
animate objects that carry agent to a susceptible host
animals, arthropods
phomites: inanimate objects that transmit agents: food, stethoscopes, etc
wheel of causation
biological<> social<> physical environment
Host
genetic core
de-emphasizes agent
web of causation
represents the concepts of causation
complex
de-emphasizes agent
looks at development of so we can prevent; SES
Natural history of disease:
Pre-pathogenesis (before you get sick)
primary prevention
health promotion/specific protection
Period of pathogenesis
[subclinical and clinical}
secondary prevention: early diagnosis and prompt treatment disability tertiary prevention: rehabilitation
Pathogenesis: subclinical disease
time of exposure to onset of disease symptom
incubation period (communicable)
latency period: chronic disease
no signs or symptoms but may be detected with labs, x-rays, or screening
Pathogenesis: Clinical disease
marked by onset of symptoms
spectrum of disease: range from mild to severe or fatal
chain of infection
Infectious agent> reservoir (carrier, where disease hangs out)> portal of exit (body fluids, etc)> mode of transmission (direct [person to person/droplet] or indirect[airborne, phomites, vectors])> portal of entry> host
Incidence Rate
number of new cases of a disease that occurs during a specified time period in a population at risk of developing that disease
x100,000, 10000, or 1000
Prevalence Rate
the number of affected persons in a population at ta specified time divided by the number of persons in the population at that time
number of cases (new and existing)
“do you currently have asthma?”
Period prevalence
how many people have the disease at any time during a specified period (year, decade, month)
some people may have developed the disease during specified time
every person in the numerator has/had disease at some point during that time
“have you has asthma during the last year?”
Crude mortality rate
occurrence of death in entire population
number of deaths in 1 year/midyear population x 100,000
Cause specific mortality rate
[total deaths from a stated cause in one year] / [number of persons in the population at midyear] x 100,000
Age-specific mortality Rate
[number of people in a specific age group dying in 1 year] / [midyear population of specific age group] x 1000
Proportional mortality ratio
[number of deaths from a specific cause within a time period] / [total deaths in the same time period] x100
rate as %
Case Fatality rate
[number of deaths from specific disease] / [number of cases of the same disease] x 100
rate as %
