IRA/GRA 2

Question 1

epidemiology

Answer 1

the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states in specific population and the application of this study to control problems
look at frequency and pattern. causes or factors
infectious, chronic diseases, environmental health, injury

Question 2

assessment and epi (core functions)

Answer 2

Assessment, monitoring, and surveillance of local health problems and needs and resources dealing with them
monitor health status and understand issues
protect people from hazards

Question 3

policy and epi

Answer 3

PD and leadership emphasizes local needs, advocates for equitable distribution of public resources
give people info to make healthy decisions
engage community to ID and solve health problems
develop PH policies and plans

Question 4

assurance and epi

Answer 4

high quality services and available and accessible to all persons
enforce health laws
health people receive health services
maintain competent workforce
evaluate and improve programs

Question 5

Minnesota wheel

Answer 5

surveillance, investigation, outreach and screening

Question 6

Epi Triangle/triad

Answer 6

Host<>agent<>environment

vector in middle

Question 7

agent

Answer 7

any element or force capable of causing disease, injury or disability
biologic, physical (heat, trauma) agents, chemical, nutritional, psychological (stress, lack of support)

Question 8

host

Answer 8

any population at risk for developing the disease

age, nutritional status, race, genetics, education, susceptibility (vaccinations), behavior, SDH

Question 9

environment

Answer 9

context in which host and agent interact

can be a combination that influence both; many overlaps

Question 10

Vector

Answer 10

animate objects that carry agent to a susceptible host
animals, arthropods
phomites: inanimate objects that transmit agents: food, stethoscopes, etc

Question 11

wheel of causation

Answer 11

biological<> social<> physical environment
Host
genetic core

de-emphasizes agent

Question 12

web of causation

Answer 12

represents the concepts of causation
complex
de-emphasizes agent
looks at development of so we can prevent; SES

Question 13

Natural history of disease:

Pre-pathogenesis (before you get sick)

Answer 13

primary prevention

health promotion/specific protection

Question 14

Period of pathogenesis

[subclinical and clinical}

Answer 14

secondary prevention:
early diagnosis and prompt treatment
disability 
tertiary prevention:
rehabilitation

Question 15

Pathogenesis: subclinical disease

Answer 15

time of exposure to onset of disease symptom
incubation period (communicable)
latency period: chronic disease

no signs or symptoms but may be detected with labs, x-rays, or screening

Question 16

Pathogenesis: Clinical disease

Answer 16

marked by onset of symptoms

spectrum of disease: range from mild to severe or fatal

Question 17

chain of infection

Answer 17

Infectious agent> reservoir (carrier, where disease hangs out)> portal of exit (body fluids, etc)> mode of transmission (direct [person to person/droplet] or indirect[airborne, phomites, vectors])> portal of entry> host

Question 18

Incidence Rate

Answer 18

number of new cases of a disease that occurs during a specified time period in a population at risk of developing that disease
x100,000, 10000, or 1000

Question 19

Prevalence Rate

Answer 19

the number of affected persons in a population at ta specified time divided by the number of persons in the population at that time

number of cases (new and existing)
“do you currently have asthma?”

Question 20

Period prevalence

Answer 20

how many people have the disease at any time during a specified period (year, decade, month)
some people may have developed the disease during specified time
every person in the numerator has/had disease at some point during that time
“have you has asthma during the last year?”

Question 21

Crude mortality rate

Answer 21

occurrence of death in entire population

number of deaths in 1 year/midyear population x 100,000

Question 22

Cause specific mortality rate

Answer 22

[total deaths from a stated cause in one year] / [number of persons in the population at midyear] x 100,000

Question 23

Age-specific mortality Rate

Answer 23

[number of people in a specific age group dying in 1 year] / [midyear population of specific age group] x 1000

Question 24

Proportional mortality ratio

Answer 24

[number of deaths from a specific cause within a time period] / [total deaths in the same time period] x100
rate as %

Question 25

Case Fatality rate

Answer 25

[number of deaths from specific disease] / [number of cases of the same disease] x 100
rate as %