IR Exam 3-12/1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the Biblical perspective on war & peace?
A
- war is an inevitable part of human reality
- perpetual peace is an illusion historically & Biblically
- Human power and wisdom for security can be futile
- God uses every war for His divine purpose
2
Q
What is a Bible verse that discusses end times wars?
A
- Matthew 24:6-7
3
Q
What is one definition of war?
A
- An organized and deliberate and fatal violence by an identifiable political authority with 1,000 or more deaths in a 12 month period
– at least 2 actors capable of harming each other
4
Q
What is Clausewitz definition of war?
A
- The continuation of politics by other means
5
Q
What are some causes for war?
A
- human nature (ambition, greed, desire to conquer/revenge)
- ideological differences (democracy v. authoritarian)
- territorial disputes
- nationalism, ethnic or religious identity
- political means or tactic
6
Q
What is preemptive war?
A
- targets an imminent threat
- aims to gain a strategic advantage in an impending war shortly before that attack materializes
7
Q
What is involved in conventional warfare?
A
- fought by people-chosen, trained, authorized to attack or defend against adversaries
- off limits to kill some groups: women, children, elderly
- fought with conventional weapons
- ends with acknowledgement of defeat (ex: Germany-WWI, Japan-WWII)
8
Q
What are WMD’s?
A
- weapons that have the potential to cause large scale death and destruction
- chemical weapons-toxic chemical substances
- nuclear weapons-massive explosion & radioactive fallout
- biological weapons-pathogenic or toxins
- radiological weapons-radioactive, dirty bombs
9
Q
What is terrorism?
A
- intentional use of violence by non-state actors against civilians in pursuit of political, ideological or religious objectives
- a mix of crimes and war
10
Q
What’s the purpose of terrorism?
A
- to instill fear to attain goals, and gain attention
- ex: Munich massacre-1972 Olympics by the PLO
11
Q
What’s true about terrorism since the 1990’s?
A
- attacks have been more lethal
- choice of weapons become more diverse, trucks, bombs, cars
- more efficient infrastructure for terrorist networks like ISIS
12
Q
What’s true of state sponsorship of terrorism?
A
- provide resources or safe haven
- ex: Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, North Korea, the U.S.
- concern about procession of WMD’s
- some sense–terrorism-the weapon of the weak
13
Q
What are challenges to counter-terrorism?
A
- hard to identify, arrest, and kill terrorists
- almost impossible to prevent new terrorist attacks
- gov’ts counterterrorist measures accompany side effects on economy & civil liberties
- increasing use of drones (UAV)
- affective way to reduce threats, personnel can be saved
- concerns of abuse and overuse, concerns about misuse
14
Q
What is true about cyberwarfare?
A
- actions taken by states or nonstate actors to penetrate another states computers–cause damage/disruption
–cheap, easy, hard to trace origin
15
Q
What is true of guerilla warfare?
A
- not the same as terrorism
- groups a type of violent non-state actors
- form of warfare-small groups of combatants use military tactics; ambushes, raids, hit & run tactics
- ex: Mao Zedongs “revolutionary Guerrilla warfare
- ex: Viet Cong in Vietnam war
16
Q
What is true of globalization (what we discussed in class)?
A
- economic integration
- growing integration in terms of politics, economies, and culture
- distinct in terms of speed, scale, scope
17
Q
Who is the “father of containerization”?
A
- Malcolm Mclean
18
Q
What are some “pros” of globalization?
A
- engine for material growth
- better products for cheaper prices
- freer travel (ex: missions trip)
- cultural diversity
- international cooperation
19
Q
What are some “cons” of globalization?
A
- growing inequality
- exploitation
- unethical business practices
- fear and criticism of westernization
- environmental concerns
- spread of disease (COVID-19)
- 1991, 2008-2009 economic crises
20
Q
What is a bible verse that discusses globalization–in terms of end times events?
A
- revelation 7:9-10
21
Q
What is true of economic regionalization?
A
- emergence of sub-regional trading blocks
- EU (1993-)
- ASEAN (1967-) free trade agreement area (1992)
- MERCOSUR (1991-) Southern Common Market in South America
- Bilateral/regional trade agreements
- 20 in 1990 to 300 FTA’s in 2019
- the U.S. has 14 FTA’s with 20 countries
22
Q
What’s the TPP?
A
- Trans Pacific Partnership
- partnership would include 12 countries
- now about 13.5% global GDP (expected 40% without the U.S.)
23
Q
Who are some leading individuals in favor of economic liberalization?
A
- Adam Smith (1722-1790)
- individualism
- free trade-laissez-faire
- David Ricardo (1772-1823)
- logic of comparative advantage
24
Q
What is comparative advantage?
A
- theory that one country can produce a good/service more efficiently relative to other goods and services compared to another country/business
25
What is the Bretton woods system?
- American Hegemonic leadership
- economic liberalization
- collapse of the system in the early 1970's
26
What is the IBRD?
- the World Bank
- International Bank for reconstruction and development
- designed to facilitate reconstruction in post WWII Europe, and eradicate poverty
- to loan funds to states for economic development projects
- long term infrastructure building
- middle and low income countries
27
What is the IMF?
- International Monetary Fund
- designed to provide stability in exchange rates
- short term loans to help states with payment imbalances
- now acts as a lender of last resort to keep debtor countries from collapsing
- encouraging structural adjustments and provide policy advise on macroeconomic issues and economic restructuring
28
What is the Washington consensus?
- a set of economic policy recommendations for developing countries since the 1980's
- agreed and espouses the IMF, WB, and U.S. treasury dept.
- neoliberalism advocating for free market-reduction of state intervention
- privatization
- liberalization of trade and FDI
- deregulation for open competition
- tax reforms
29
What is the Nixon shock?
- in 1972, President Nixon stopped the U.S. dollar from being fixed to the gold reserves
- the Bretton Woods Era ended
30
What is floating and mixed (for IPE)?
- decided by supply and demand in the market, without the gov't influence
- participants buy and sell, exchange, speculate on currencies at foreign exchange markets
- the central gov't may intervene to stabilize the local currency
31
What is GATT?
- General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs
- stimulate trade by lowering tariffs
- treat foreign companies same way as domestic companies/firms
- support of trade liberalization b/c trade is engine for growth
- most favored nation (MFN) principle
32
What are the top 5 donated organs?
- kidney
- lung
- heart
- pancreas
- liver
33
What is the Beijing consensus?
- state driven growth as a model for development
- state owned enterprises
- state intervention in financial markets
34
What is mercantilism & economic nationalism?
- policy to build economic wealth as an instrument of state power
- strong and central gov't
- protectionism
- domestic economy and infant industries from foreign competition
- President Trump's America first protectionism
35
What are types of protectionist trade barriers?
- Tariffs
- Non-tariff barriers:
- import and export quotas
- currency manipulation
- subsidies
- export control
- dumping
- complicated administrative rules and procedures
36
What did Ha-Bon Chang (Korean Economic historian) think?
- came up with the idea of "Bad Samaritans"--rich countries taking advantage of poorer countries
- kicking away the ladder (to reach the richer country status
37
What are 2 bible verses that talk about humankind (discussed in class)?
- Genesis 1:27
- Galatians 3:28
38
What are the International Bill of Human Rights?
- UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights-1948
- Committee led by Elanor Roosevelt
- adopted in 1948
- international document that states basic rights and fundamental freedoms for all humans
-- a declaration not a treaty
- international norm
39
What are considered personal rights (part of human rights around the world)?
- life, liberty, freedom of choice, religion
40
What are rights in law?
- equal protection
- social economic rights
- education
- jobs
- labor unions
- Community (group) rights
41
What is cultural relativism in terms of rights?
- understanding a groups beliefs/practices in context of own culture--don't make judgements
- state sovereignty
42
What is an instance where Asian values "clashed" with Western values?
- when Michael Fay was arrested in Singapore, and was sentenced to caning--seen as harsh punishment in western states
43
What is Thomas Franck's strategy for those who don't adhere to human rights laws?
- diplomatic non-recognition
- suspension of air traffic
- withhold World Bank loans, IMF credits, Bilateral trading privileges
44
What are some sources of human rights violations?
- states
- wars and conflicts
- genocide, ethnic cleansing
- systematic rape as a weapon of war
- natural disasters
- COVID-19 pandemic, hurricanes, earthquakes
45
Why do states abuse human rights?
national security, etc.
46
What is the Responsibility to Protect (R2P)?
- notion: all human beings are in need of protection, and that states have an obligation, not just the opportunity to intervene when gross violations of human rights occur
- obligates states to take coercive action against state offenders--also obligates states to protect people by providing asylum & refuge
47
What are some limitations of the R2P?
- lack of resources
- lack of political will
- security concerns
48
What are the international politics of human rights?
- politicization of human rights
- political tool to advance national interests
- incentive such as funding or admission to the EU
- disincentives such as sanctions
- enforcement challenges
- not easy to universally enforce these rights nor punish those who violate them
- the U.S. has failed nullifying threats
49
What is the "North/South Population divide"?
- Northern countries are dying off--not replacing population fast enough
- Southern countries (generally poorer) have population booms, high birth rates
50
What is the South "youth bulge"?
- demographic pattern in Asia, Africa, & Middle East
- large share of youth population (usually 16-28)
51
What are the implications of the "youth bulge"?
- Demographic dividend:
- large economically productive population can drive to economic gains
- Demographic bomb"
- youth related violence & civil strife
- potential recruits into rebel or terrorist groups
52
What does Dr. Kim say about the world and the population?
- We live in a Good world made Bad (Romans 8:19-22)
53
What is true about the U.S. population percentage?
- almost 14% of the U.S. population is foreign born (immigrants)
54
What are Internally displaced peoples (IDP)?
- those who move from one place in a country to another place in the same country
55
What are economic migrants?
- people who move mainly to improve their lives
- remittance
- treated under immigration laws
56
What are refugee rights?
- the 1951 refugee convention--and its 1967 protocol
- 149 states have signed as of 2023
- UNHCR
57
What is non-refoulement?
- they cannot be forced to return to their country of origin
58
What are asylum seekers?
- someone who claims to be a refugee but whose claim hasn't been evaluated and confirmed
- not every asylum seeker is given refugee status
59
What is "brain drain"?
- emigration of highly skilled/trained/educated people moving from one country to another for better working or life conditions
- scientists
- doctors
60
What is "brain waste"?
- individuals--migrants end up in unemployment or underemployment in a foreign country
61
What is the function of International Law?
- create order
- set expectations of behaviors
- provide mechanisms for protecting states and for settling disputes
- guarantee fairness and equity (at least in theory)
- legitimize the use of force to maintain order
62
What are some examples of International laws?
- the UN charter
- the UNCLOS
- The Geneva Conventions
- The NPT
- The CEDAW
- The International Bill of Human Rights (UNDHR, ICCPR, ICESCR)
- The Rome statute of the International Criminal court
- Kyoto Protocol & Paris agreement
63
What was the RIO Earth Summit?
- 1992
- The UN framework convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) in 1994
- recognized the existence of climate change
- agreed--collective action to stabilize green house gases
64
What was the Kyoto protocol?
- adopted in 1997--operational in 2005
- 192 parties
- aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012
- "Most significant treaty ever signed"
- developed states agreed to reduce GHG emissions
- except the U.S.
- less developed states not obligated
65
What is the Paris agreement?
- 195 countries agreed to cut GHG emissions
- 192 countries and the EU joined
- agreement is a legally binding international treaty
66
What is true about Domestic vs. International Law?
- Domestic law operates in a hierarchical system
- authoritative structures in place
- violators are judged and punished
- International law operates in a horizontal system
- authoritative structures are absent
- no reliable enforcement, other than voluntarily compliance
67
Why do states comply with International law?
- the right thing to do
- international law reflects universal ethics
- they deserve to be seen as legitimate
- it is in their best interests
- they are capable to do so
68
What does states compliance depend on?
- whether compliance is in their interest of the state
- states ability and resources to comply
69
What is the view of International law from a realists perspective?
- self interest and power politics will always trump international law
- powerful states use or ignore international law as it suits them
70
What is the view of International law from a liberals perspective?
- an essential part of international policies
- helps states regulate their relations in ways they find mutually beneficial
71
What is the view of international law from a structuralists perspective?
- international law-heavily biased in favor of powerful states
- a potential tool to level the economic and political playing field b/w the strong and the weak
