IR Exam 1-9/22 Flashcards
1
Q
What is true about the World under an Imperial System?
A
- a single empire dominated international politics
- Roman Empire; Spain (16th C), France (late 17th C), British Empire (19th–early 20th C), the U.S.
- Asian Empires (China, India, Mongolia, etc.)
- these empires brought peace–collected taxes enforced laws
2
Q
What is true about the World under a feudal system?
A
- power became decentralized
- loyalties, and political obligations were not fixed primarily by territorial boundaries—but to a local lord
- Prevalent in Europe, and Japan
3
Q
What is the term for the current World system?
A
- a system of nation-states
- The treaty of West-Phalia (1648)–a collection of treaties
- characteristics of international politics
4
Q
What is true about the Thirty Years War?
A
- took place from 1618-16484- started as religious war between Catholics and Protestants
- evolved into political power struggle among powers
- power shifted from feudal lords to centralized monarchies
- wealth brought in from overseas colonies
- territorial boundaries were redrawn
5
Q
What were major provisions of the Treaty of Westphalia?
A
- recognition of sovereign states
- control of their own boundaries & functioning–need no international support
- territorial arrangements
- religious toleration–religious differences–rulers choose own religion/policies
6
Q
What’s the significance of the Treaty of Westphalia for IR?
A
- Concept of diplomatic immunity–a diplomat cannot be tried under a host nation’s laws
- foundation of the modern international law
- conflict resolution through negotiation and agreement
- emergence of balance of power politics-power balanced amongst a group of nations
- multipolar politics
- the UN is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its members
- all members settle ‘intl disputes through peaceful means
7
Q
Who makes laws/rules in international politics?
A
- international organizations (IGO)
- states through agreements & treaties
8
Q
Who enforces the laws/rules in International Politics?
A
- the UN security council
9
Q
Who punishes rule breakers in International Politics?
A
- UN (through sanctions & resolutions)
- ICJ, WTO, etc.
- Countries (through sanctions)
10
Q
What is true about countries and compliance?
A
- The UN really only passes resolutions, that are statements but there is no legal backing to their words
11
Q
What is the current situation in International Politics?
A
- we have an anarchial international system of sovereign nation-states
12
Q
What does anarchy mean?
A
- a lack of central authority
13
Q
What does sovereignty mean?
A
- the right and authority of a state to govern within its own territory without external interference
14
Q
What is true about nation-states, amongst each other?
A
- they are all equal to each other
15
Q
What are some major trends and developments in IR?
A
- technological innovations
- colonization by European & Western countries
- Industrial Revolution
- Political Revolutions (American, French, Russian)
- Western/European Imperial expansionism
- Rise of Nationalism and Decolonization
- Democratization and Capitalism
- Globalization and Regionalization
16
Q
What is Imperialism?
A
- Annexing distant territory and its inhabitants to an empire
17
Q
What is colonialism?
A
- settling of people from a home country among indigenous peoples of a distant territory
18
Q
Why has Europe been so dominant?
A
- The Industrial Revolution provided military and economic capacity and technological advantage
- Constant warfare in Europe strengthened European States
- Industrialization and capitalism–means and incentives for expansion
- motivated by desire to convert non-Christians to Christians
19
Q
What is true about Japanese Imperialism?
A
- Took place from 1895-1945
- First Sino-Japanese war (1894-1895)
- Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
- first major war won by a non-european power
- Second Sino-Japanese war (1937-1945)
- 21st century is the century of Asia
20
Q
What are some Milestone events in the World?
A
- World War I (1914-1918)
- Russian revolution (1917-1922)
- Woodrow Wilsons 14 points (1918) & Treaty of Versailles
- League of Nations (1920)
- Interwar period & Great Depression
- American Isolationism
21
Q
What does self-determination mean?
A
- People have a right to choose their sovereignty without external pressure
22
Q
What is the definition of nationalism?
A
- A devotion and allegiance to the nation based on shared characteristics of the people such as culture, tradition, and language
23
Q
What is true about decolonization?
A
- It was prominent after WWII ended, until the late 20th century
24
Q
What is true about the Japanese invasion of Manchuria?
A
- It happened in 1931
- Japan withdrew from the league of nations (1933)
- Since the U.S. wasn’t a part of the league of nations either, Germany was not as well
25
What is most important about World War II and the results?
- the creation of nuclear weapons
- the emergence of the U.S. as the main superpower
- America occupied Japan (1945-1952)
26
What is true about the World after WWII ended?
- The creation of the United Nations (UN) in 1945, and the liberal world order
- The PRC vs. ROC (China vs. Taiwan) (1949)
- PRC's entry into the UN (1971)
- The Cold War (1945-1991)
- the Korean War (1950-1953)
- the Vietnam War (1955-1975)
27
What does hegemony mean in IR?
- means one' has the most powerful status in the world
28
What is true about Post-Cold war American Hegemony?
- The European Union (1993)
- 9/11 and China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO)
- Bill Clinton and others believed genuinely China would
pursue political changes
- Arab Spring democratization movement (2011)
- COVID pandemic (2020)
- Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022)
29
What is true about International Relations?
- Western thinkers, ideas, history is dominant and influential in IR theories and practice
- History as the story of the victor
- Relatively short history as an academic discipline
- unbiblical understanding of history
30
What are types of actors in the world?
- states: nations
- non-state actors: IGO's/NGO's, MNC's, Individuals
31
What is the definition of a nation?
- A group of people who share a set of characteristics
- history, language, ethnicity, tradition, and customs
ex: Jews, Koreans
32
What is the definition of a "State"?
- A legally organized political society
33
What are the 4 qualifications of a "state", according to the Montevideo Convention on the rights and duties of the states (1993)?
- a defined territory
- a permanent population
- (legitimately coercive) government
- diplomatic recognition (by other states, and the UN)
34
In reality, what is true about a "state"?
- territory is not always well defined and fluid
- people are not always obedient to gov't
- unclear how many other states need to recognize
ex: China's one china policy with Taiwan; Kosovo, Palestine
35
What is true about a nation within one or several states?
- The Kurds (30 million) scattered in Turkey, Syria, Iran
- The Kashmiri (5.6 million) scattered in India and Pakistan
- Tibetans (6 million) scattered in China, and India
- Israel (prior to 1948)
- China has 54 different ethnic groups
36
What is the definition of "nation-state"?
- A sovereign state providing a homeland for one dominant national group and containing no significant presence of another national group
- ex: Korea, Japan, France, Egypt, Italy, Germany
37
What is true about UN membership?
- there 193 member states
- 2 nonvoting members; Palestine, Vatican City
- Kosovo, and Taiwan are not UN members
38
Who are the members of the UN security council?
- U.S., China, France, U.K., Russia
39
To become a member of the UN, who has the main say if one becomes a member?
- the UN security council can veto, and the motion be struck down
40
Should Palestine become a state?
- meets legal requirements to be a state
- 2012, became a UN non-state member (non-voting) observer state
- is recognized by 138 out of 193 UN member states
- but the U.S. has veto power
41
What is true about the Vatican city?
- its an independent sovereign city-state, located in Rome
- A land of 110 acres
- absolute monarchy
42
What is true about the Holy See?
- the governing body of the Vatican City
- has authority over 1.34 billion catholics
43
What does Richard Haass say about "states"?
- they are still pre-eminent in IR
44
What are the 9 civilizations?
- Western
- Latin America
- Islamic
- African
- Hindu
- Sinic
- Orthodox
- Japanese
- Buddhist
45
What are the reasons for the significance of states in IR?
- Theoretical significance as a primary actor
- Policy making body
- The only legitimate authority to use violence
- the source of conflicts and political instability
- protector/violator of human rights
- agent of cooperation internationally
46
What are the challenges to the existence of states?
- globalization
- transnational movements
- ethnonational movements
- failed or weak states
-- as a result state sovereignty is being undermined
-- states exercise of power is being interfered
47
What is true about globalization as a challenge to the state?
- growing integration of the world in terms of economies, politics, communication, and culture
- global pandemics--COVID-19
- global networks of communication
- Advocacy groups or NGO's
48
What is true about transnational movements as a threat to states?
- religious or ideological movements whose believers are united in bringing change to states
- ex: ISIS, environmental, etc.
- growing increase in crime that goes beyond borders
- ex: drug, weapons, human trafficking
- terrorism by non-state actors
ex: Al-Qaeda, ISIS
49
What is true about ethno-national movements as a threat to states?
-national subgroups demand for independence
--some want autonomy, other want separation
- ex: Kurds, Quebec, The Tamils, Catalonia, Scotland
50
What is true about weak or failed states, and their role in IR?
- they have an inability to exercise a monopoly on legitimate use of force within its territory
- not able to make collective decisions, interact with other states, provide public service
- pose both an internal and external threat
- ex: Somalia, Afghanistan, Yemen
51
What does John Mearsheimer think about power?
- Power is extremely important to International Relations
52
What is the definition of Power in International Relations?
- the ability to affect others and get the outcomes you want
53
What are 3 ways you can exert power?
- Coercion ("sticks"--military might)
- Payment (carrots--economic aid or sanctions)
- Attraction (diplomacy or soft power)
54
What is true about the Nature of National Power?
- It can be both a means and an end
- No 2 nations have absolute equal power
- It is relative comparative, changeable, multi-dimimesional
- it is hard to measure accurately
55
What natural resources can be used as a means of power?
- natural resources (ie. oil & natural deposits)
- geographic size and location
56
How can population be used as a means of power?
- the state's size
- the level of education and labor skills
- the age of the populace (aging, or young)
57
What is true about a nations population size and power?
- If you have more than 100 million people you are a powerful country
58
What is considered hard power?
- industrial development
- level of infrastructure
- economic diversification
- characteristics of the military
59
What is considered soft power?
- native image
- quality of gov't
- public morale, support
- leadership
- culture and social values
- ideology
60
What are characteristics of hard power?
- measurable, tangible, comparable, changeable
- population; land, territory
- military force
- economy size (gdp)
61
How can military force be used as a means of statecraft?
- states fight in wars & conflicts for foreign policy goals
- size and power of the military
- U.S. military serves as deterrent to potential conflicts (security umbrella)
ex: U.S. troops in Japan, South Korea, the Philippines
62
How can deterrence be used as a means of statecraft?
- a strategy in which a state commits to punishing a target state if that state takes an undesired action
- intentions must be clearly and openly stated
63
What is the theory that nuclear deterrence can be used as a means of statecraft?
- an enemy will be deterred from using nuclear weapons in anticipation of retaliation that would lead to MAD
64
What is the policy behind using nuclear deterrence as a means of statecraft?
- The U.S. and Soviet Union built a stockpile of nuclear weapons during the Cold War
- credible threat of retaliation
65
What are some examples of U.S. security arrangements?
- North Atlantic Treaty (NATO) (1949)
- collective security for member countries
66
What are some examples of mutual defense treaties the U.S. is part of?
- bilateral: Japan (1960), South Korea (1953), the Philippines (1957)
- trilateral: Australia and New Zealand (1951)
- regional: southeast Asia treaty (1954), Rio treaty (1947)
67
What does NATO's article 5 state?
- an attack on one is an attack on all members
- after 9/11 it was invoked
68
What is diplomacy?
- attempts to change an influence the behaviors of other actors through negotiations, bargaining or communication
- the goal is mutual benefit
- treaties, and alliances
69
What is true about summit diplomacy?
- it is a meeting between the heads of state
70
What is true about public diplomacy?
- use of certain diplomatic methods to create favorable view of state/people in eyes of other states and their public
- British council, American cultural service, Confucius Institute
71
What is true about Confucius Institutes?
- Non-profit public institutions affiliated with PRC's education ministry
- official objective: promote Chinese language and culture, support local chinese teachings internationally and facilitate cultural exchanges
- first school opened in Seoul South Korea in 2004
72
What is true about China's Wolf Warrior diplomacy?
- it's assertive
- confrontational
- nationalistic
- retaliatory
73
What is true about economic engagement (carrot policy)?
- it attempts to entice states through rewards for desired behaviors and outcomes
74
What is the Marshall Plan an example of?
- economic engagement (carrot policy)
- it provided economic aid of all kinds
- free or low interest loans
- low tarriffs
75
What is true about economic disengagement (stick policy)?
- a broad strategy where a country purposefully reduces its economic interactions with another country
76
What are economic sanctions?
- positive measures taken by one or more countries against a targeted country
- penalty--punish for not obeying rules
- official permission/authorization to take action
77
What are types of economic sanctions?
- trade: trade bus, quotas, tariffs, export control, import restrictions
- finance: restricting access to capital markets, restricting or prohibiting financial transactions, freezing assets
- other: travel ban/restrictions, arms embargo
78
What are limitations of economic sanctions?
- targeted states ignoring the sanction and just pay the cost
- costs are higher for dictators to give in
- no central authority to punish the uncooperative states
- detrimental effects on human rights
79
Why are economic sanctions often used?
- its a form of strong political communication
- meets domestic political needs
- substitute for harsher measures
- sense of better than nothing
- helps domestic industry
- sometimes influences target country
80
What are Intergovernmental Organizations (IGO)?
- formed by treaties between states
- membership of 3 or more nation-states
-c.f. INGO's MNC's
- aimed to deal with issues of common interest
- permanent secretariat or bureaucracy
- c.f. G-7, BRICS
81
What countries are a part of the G-7?
- Germany, France, Canada, U.K. U.S., Japan, Italy
82
What are examples of Global IGO's?
- The UN
- The WTO (formerly GATT)
- The IMF
- The World Bank
- The OECD (organization for economic cooperation development)
- The OPEC
83
What are examples of Regional IGO's?
- The EU
- The NATO
- The ASEAN
- The ADB (Asian Development Bank)
- The AIIB ( Asian Infrastructure investment bank)
84
What are functions of IGO's?
- create a framework for agreement and making rules
- IAEA's guidelines for nuclear safety and non-proliferation
- provide forum for negotiating and bargaining
- WTO's dispute sentence body
- provide administrative support to help implement agreements
- IAEA's nuclear safeguard and tech inspection among members
- collect, analyze and provide technical info and data
85
What is the role of IGO's for the State?
- serve as instrument of foreign policy
- legitimize foreign policy
- enhance available information
- punish or constrain state behavior
- set international norms
86
What is true about the United Nations system?
- It was created to promote peace and development
- principle of sovereign equality
--respects the rights of large and small states at the General Assembly
--The security council and the veto power
--tension between effective international action vs. preservation of state sovereignty
87
What does the constitution of the UN state?
- it maintains peace & security
--peacekeeping missions
- protecting human rights
--UN declaration of human rights (1948)
- deliver humanitarian aid
--natural disasters or wars
- promote sustainable development
-- end poverty, improve health, education, environmental preservation
- establish and uphold international war
--ex: ICJ
88
Who is the current UN secretary general?
- Antonio Guterres (Portugal) 2017--Present
89
What is an INGO?
- International Non-governmental organization
--they operate on an international scale
- work across multiple countries or regions with a global focus
- about 8, 500 INGO's globally
--important participants in UN sponsored conferences
--organizers of conferences on transnational issues
ex: advocacy groups
90
What are types of INGO's or MISSIONS?
- human rights INGO--Amnesty International & Human Rights Watch
- environmental INGO--Greenpeace
- health INGO's--Doctors without borders
91
What is the role of INGO in IR?
- to advocate for specific and diverse policies
- to provide an alternative channel for political participation
- to mobilize mass publics
- to distribute aid and various relief efforts
- to monitor state practices and breach of norms and law
- to perform services that state cannot or will not perform in education, health
92
Strengths of INGOs?
- independence from states
- participation at all levels
- links to grassroots groups
- flexibility in administration and programs
- rely on soft power, including credible, information, expertise, and moral authority
93
Limits of INGOs?
- diverse groups working at cross purposes
- no consistent source of funds
- lack of accountability
94
What are characteristics of Multinational Corporations (MNC)?
- global company
- companies that have operations in more than 2 countries, present in investment or factories
- there's at least 100,000 MNC's around the world
- 1 million offices around the world
- 20% of the global workforce works in MNC's
- 60% of MNC's are headquartered in the West
- 34% of MNC's are headquartered in Asia
--very economically powerful, called the face of globalization
95
What is the largest Multinational corporation in the world?
- Apple
-- valued at $2.785 trillion
- Microsoft is second largest
-- valued at $2.383 trillion
96
