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International Relations > IR Exam 1-9/22 > Flashcards

IR Exam 1-9/22 Flashcards

1
Q

What is true about the World under an Imperial System?

A
  • a single empire dominated international politics
    • Roman Empire; Spain (16th C), France (late 17th C), British Empire (19th–early 20th C), the U.S.
    • Asian Empires (China, India, Mongolia, etc.)
  • these empires brought peace–collected taxes enforced laws
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2
Q

What is true about the World under a feudal system?

A
  • power became decentralized
  • loyalties, and political obligations were not fixed primarily by territorial boundaries—but to a local lord
  • Prevalent in Europe, and Japan
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3
Q

What is the term for the current World system?

A
  • a system of nation-states
  • The treaty of West-Phalia (1648)–a collection of treaties
    • characteristics of international politics
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4
Q

What is true about the Thirty Years War?

A
  • took place from 1618-16484- started as religious war between Catholics and Protestants
  • evolved into political power struggle among powers
  • power shifted from feudal lords to centralized monarchies
  • wealth brought in from overseas colonies
  • territorial boundaries were redrawn
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5
Q

What were major provisions of the Treaty of Westphalia?

A
  • recognition of sovereign states
    • control of their own boundaries & functioning–need no international support
  • territorial arrangements
  • religious toleration–religious differences–rulers choose own religion/policies
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6
Q

What’s the significance of the Treaty of Westphalia for IR?

A
  • Concept of diplomatic immunity–a diplomat cannot be tried under a host nation’s laws
  • foundation of the modern international law
  • conflict resolution through negotiation and agreement
  • emergence of balance of power politics-power balanced amongst a group of nations
    • multipolar politics
  • the UN is based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its members
    • all members settle ‘intl disputes through peaceful means
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7
Q

Who makes laws/rules in international politics?

A
  • international organizations (IGO)
  • states through agreements & treaties
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8
Q

Who enforces the laws/rules in International Politics?

A
  • the UN security council
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9
Q

Who punishes rule breakers in International Politics?

A
  • UN (through sanctions & resolutions)
    • ICJ, WTO, etc.
  • Countries (through sanctions)
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10
Q

What is true about countries and compliance?

A
  • The UN really only passes resolutions, that are statements but there is no legal backing to their words
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11
Q

What is the current situation in International Politics?

A
  • we have an anarchial international system of sovereign nation-states
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12
Q

What does anarchy mean?

A
  • a lack of central authority
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13
Q

What does sovereignty mean?

A
  • the right and authority of a state to govern within its own territory without external interference
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14
Q

What is true about nation-states, amongst each other?

A
  • they are all equal to each other
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15
Q

What are some major trends and developments in IR?

A
  • technological innovations
  • colonization by European & Western countries
  • Industrial Revolution
  • Political Revolutions (American, French, Russian)
  • Western/European Imperial expansionism
  • Rise of Nationalism and Decolonization
  • Democratization and Capitalism
  • Globalization and Regionalization
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16
Q

What is Imperialism?

A
  • Annexing distant territory and its inhabitants to an empire
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17
Q

What is colonialism?

A
  • settling of people from a home country among indigenous peoples of a distant territory
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18
Q

Why has Europe been so dominant?

A
  • The Industrial Revolution provided military and economic capacity and technological advantage
  • Constant warfare in Europe strengthened European States
  • Industrialization and capitalism–means and incentives for expansion
  • motivated by desire to convert non-Christians to Christians
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19
Q

What is true about Japanese Imperialism?

A
  • Took place from 1895-1945
  • First Sino-Japanese war (1894-1895)
  • Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)
    • first major war won by a non-european power
  • Second Sino-Japanese war (1937-1945)
  • 21st century is the century of Asia
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20
Q

What are some Milestone events in the World?

A
  • World War I (1914-1918)
  • Russian revolution (1917-1922)
  • Woodrow Wilsons 14 points (1918) & Treaty of Versailles
  • League of Nations (1920)
  • Interwar period & Great Depression
    • American Isolationism
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21
Q

What does self-determination mean?

A
  • People have a right to choose their sovereignty without external pressure
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22
Q

What is the definition of nationalism?

A
  • A devotion and allegiance to the nation based on shared characteristics of the people such as culture, tradition, and language
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23
Q

What is true about decolonization?

A
  • It was prominent after WWII ended, until the late 20th century
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24
Q

What is true about the Japanese invasion of Manchuria?

A
  • It happened in 1931
  • Japan withdrew from the league of nations (1933)
  • Since the U.S. wasn’t a part of the league of nations either, Germany was not as well
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25
Q

What is most important about World War II and the results?

A
  • the creation of nuclear weapons
  • the emergence of the U.S. as the main superpower
  • America occupied Japan (1945-1952)
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26
Q

What is true about the World after WWII ended?

A
  • The creation of the United Nations (UN) in 1945, and the liberal world order
  • The PRC vs. ROC (China vs. Taiwan) (1949)
    • PRC’s entry into the UN (1971)
  • The Cold War (1945-1991)
    • the Korean War (1950-1953)
    • the Vietnam War (1955-1975)
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27
Q

What does hegemony mean in IR?

A
  • means one’ has the most powerful status in the world
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28
Q

What is true about Post-Cold war American Hegemony?

A
  • The European Union (1993)
  • 9/11 and China’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO)
    • Bill Clinton and others believed genuinely China would
      pursue political changes
  • Arab Spring democratization movement (2011)
  • COVID pandemic (2020)
  • Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022)
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29
Q

What is true about International Relations?

A
  • Western thinkers, ideas, history is dominant and influential in IR theories and practice
  • History as the story of the victor
  • Relatively short history as an academic discipline
  • unbiblical understanding of history
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30
Q

What are types of actors in the world?

A
  • states: nations
  • non-state actors: IGO’s/NGO’s, MNC’s, Individuals
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31
Q

What is the definition of a nation?

A
  • A group of people who share a set of characteristics
    • history, language, ethnicity, tradition, and customs
      ex: Jews, Koreans
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32
Q

What is the definition of a “State”?

A
  • A legally organized political society
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33
Q

What are the 4 qualifications of a “state”, according to the Montevideo Convention on the rights and duties of the states (1993)?

A
  • a defined territory
  • a permanent population
  • (legitimately coercive) government
  • diplomatic recognition (by other states, and the UN)
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34
Q

In reality, what is true about a “state”?

A
  • territory is not always well defined and fluid
  • people are not always obedient to gov’t
  • unclear how many other states need to recognize
    ex: China’s one china policy with Taiwan; Kosovo, Palestine
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35
Q

What is true about a nation within one or several states?

A
  • The Kurds (30 million) scattered in Turkey, Syria, Iran
  • The Kashmiri (5.6 million) scattered in India and Pakistan
  • Tibetans (6 million) scattered in China, and India
  • Israel (prior to 1948)
  • China has 54 different ethnic groups
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36
Q

What is the definition of “nation-state”?

A
  • A sovereign state providing a homeland for one dominant national group and containing no significant presence of another national group
    • ex: Korea, Japan, France, Egypt, Italy, Germany
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37
Q

What is true about UN membership?

A
  • there 193 member states
  • 2 nonvoting members; Palestine, Vatican City
  • Kosovo, and Taiwan are not UN members
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38
Q

Who are the members of the UN security council?

A
  • U.S., China, France, U.K., Russia
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39
Q

To become a member of the UN, who has the main say if one becomes a member?

A
  • the UN security council can veto, and the motion be struck down
40
Q

Should Palestine become a state?

A
  • meets legal requirements to be a state
    • 2012, became a UN non-state member (non-voting) observer state
  • is recognized by 138 out of 193 UN member states
  • but the U.S. has veto power
41
Q

What is true about the Vatican city?

A
  • its an independent sovereign city-state, located in Rome
  • A land of 110 acres
  • absolute monarchy
42
Q

What is true about the Holy See?

A
  • the governing body of the Vatican City
  • has authority over 1.34 billion catholics
43
Q

What does Richard Haass say about “states”?

A
  • they are still pre-eminent in IR
44
Q

What are the 9 civilizations?

A
  • Western
  • Latin America
  • Islamic
  • African
  • Hindu
  • Sinic
  • Orthodox
  • Japanese
  • Buddhist
45
Q

What are the reasons for the significance of states in IR?

A
  • Theoretical significance as a primary actor
  • Policy making body
  • The only legitimate authority to use violence
  • the source of conflicts and political instability
  • protector/violator of human rights
  • agent of cooperation internationally
46
Q

What are the challenges to the existence of states?

A
  • globalization
  • transnational movements
  • ethnonational movements
  • failed or weak states
    – as a result state sovereignty is being undermined
    – states exercise of power is being interfered
47
Q

What is true about globalization as a challenge to the state?

A
  • growing integration of the world in terms of economies, politics, communication, and culture
  • global pandemics–COVID-19
  • global networks of communication
  • Advocacy groups or NGO’s
48
Q

What is true about transnational movements as a threat to states?

A
  • religious or ideological movements whose believers are united in bringing change to states
    • ex: ISIS, environmental, etc.
  • growing increase in crime that goes beyond borders
    • ex: drug, weapons, human trafficking
  • terrorism by non-state actors
    ex: Al-Qaeda, ISIS
49
Q

What is true about ethno-national movements as a threat to states?

A

-national subgroups demand for independence
–some want autonomy, other want separation
- ex: Kurds, Quebec, The Tamils, Catalonia, Scotland

50
Q

What is true about weak or failed states, and their role in IR?

A
  • they have an inability to exercise a monopoly on legitimate use of force within its territory
  • not able to make collective decisions, interact with other states, provide public service
  • pose both an internal and external threat
    • ex: Somalia, Afghanistan, Yemen
51
Q

What does John Mearsheimer think about power?

A
  • Power is extremely important to International Relations
52
Q

What is the definition of Power in International Relations?

A
  • the ability to affect others and get the outcomes you want
53
Q

What are 3 ways you can exert power?

A
  • Coercion (“sticks”–military might)
  • Payment (carrots–economic aid or sanctions)
  • Attraction (diplomacy or soft power)
54
Q

What is true about the Nature of National Power?

A
  • It can be both a means and an end
  • No 2 nations have absolute equal power
  • It is relative comparative, changeable, multi-dimimesional
  • it is hard to measure accurately
55
Q

What natural resources can be used as a means of power?

A
  • natural resources (ie. oil & natural deposits)
  • geographic size and location
56
Q

How can population be used as a means of power?

A
  • the state’s size
  • the level of education and labor skills
  • the age of the populace (aging, or young)
57
Q

What is true about a nations population size and power?

A
  • If you have more than 100 million people you are a powerful country
58
Q

What is considered hard power?

A
  • industrial development
  • level of infrastructure
  • economic diversification
  • characteristics of the military
59
Q

What is considered soft power?

A
  • native image
  • quality of gov’t
  • public morale, support
  • leadership
  • culture and social values
  • ideology
60
Q

What are characteristics of hard power?

A
  • measurable, tangible, comparable, changeable
    • population; land, territory
    • military force
    • economy size (gdp)
61
Q

How can military force be used as a means of statecraft?

A
  • states fight in wars & conflicts for foreign policy goals
    • size and power of the military
  • U.S. military serves as deterrent to potential conflicts (security umbrella)
    ex: U.S. troops in Japan, South Korea, the Philippines
62
Q

How can deterrence be used as a means of statecraft?

A
  • a strategy in which a state commits to punishing a target state if that state takes an undesired action
    • intentions must be clearly and openly stated
63
Q

What is the theory that nuclear deterrence can be used as a means of statecraft?

A
  • an enemy will be deterred from using nuclear weapons in anticipation of retaliation that would lead to MAD
64
Q

What is the policy behind using nuclear deterrence as a means of statecraft?

A
  • The U.S. and Soviet Union built a stockpile of nuclear weapons during the Cold War
    • credible threat of retaliation
65
Q

What are some examples of U.S. security arrangements?

A
  • North Atlantic Treaty (NATO) (1949)
    • collective security for member countries
66
Q

What are some examples of mutual defense treaties the U.S. is part of?

A
  • bilateral: Japan (1960), South Korea (1953), the Philippines (1957)
  • trilateral: Australia and New Zealand (1951)
  • regional: southeast Asia treaty (1954), Rio treaty (1947)
67
Q

What does NATO’s article 5 state?

A
  • an attack on one is an attack on all members
    • after 9/11 it was invoked
68
Q

What is diplomacy?

A
  • attempts to change an influence the behaviors of other actors through negotiations, bargaining or communication
    • the goal is mutual benefit
      • treaties, and alliances
69
Q

What is true about summit diplomacy?

A
  • it is a meeting between the heads of state
70
Q

What is true about public diplomacy?

A
  • use of certain diplomatic methods to create favorable view of state/people in eyes of other states and their public
    • British council, American cultural service, Confucius Institute
71
Q

What is true about Confucius Institutes?

A
  • Non-profit public institutions affiliated with PRC’s education ministry
  • official objective: promote Chinese language and culture, support local chinese teachings internationally and facilitate cultural exchanges
    • first school opened in Seoul South Korea in 2004
72
Q

What is true about China’s Wolf Warrior diplomacy?

A
  • it’s assertive
  • confrontational
  • nationalistic
  • retaliatory
73
Q

What is true about economic engagement (carrot policy)?

A
  • it attempts to entice states through rewards for desired behaviors and outcomes
74
Q

What is the Marshall Plan an example of?

A
  • economic engagement (carrot policy)
  • it provided economic aid of all kinds
  • free or low interest loans
  • low tarriffs
75
Q

What is true about economic disengagement (stick policy)?

A
  • a broad strategy where a country purposefully reduces its economic interactions with another country
76
Q

What are economic sanctions?

A
  • positive measures taken by one or more countries against a targeted country
  • penalty–punish for not obeying rules
  • official permission/authorization to take action
77
Q

What are types of economic sanctions?

A
  • trade: trade bus, quotas, tariffs, export control, import restrictions
  • finance: restricting access to capital markets, restricting or prohibiting financial transactions, freezing assets
  • other: travel ban/restrictions, arms embargo
78
Q

What are limitations of economic sanctions?

A
  • targeted states ignoring the sanction and just pay the cost
    • costs are higher for dictators to give in
  • no central authority to punish the uncooperative states
  • detrimental effects on human rights
79
Q

Why are economic sanctions often used?

A
  • its a form of strong political communication
  • meets domestic political needs
    • substitute for harsher measures
    • sense of better than nothing
  • helps domestic industry
  • sometimes influences target country
80
Q

What are Intergovernmental Organizations (IGO)?

A
  • formed by treaties between states
  • membership of 3 or more nation-states
    -c.f. INGO’s MNC’s
  • aimed to deal with issues of common interest
  • permanent secretariat or bureaucracy
    • c.f. G-7, BRICS
81
Q

What countries are a part of the G-7?

A
  • Germany, France, Canada, U.K. U.S., Japan, Italy
82
Q

What are examples of Global IGO’s?

A
  • The UN
  • The WTO (formerly GATT)
  • The IMF
  • The World Bank
  • The OECD (organization for economic cooperation development)
  • The OPEC
83
Q

What are examples of Regional IGO’s?

A
  • The EU
  • The NATO
  • The ASEAN
  • The ADB (Asian Development Bank)
  • The AIIB ( Asian Infrastructure investment bank)
84
Q

What are functions of IGO’s?

A
  • create a framework for agreement and making rules
    • IAEA’s guidelines for nuclear safety and non-proliferation
  • provide forum for negotiating and bargaining
    • WTO’s dispute sentence body
  • provide administrative support to help implement agreements
    • IAEA’s nuclear safeguard and tech inspection among members
  • collect, analyze and provide technical info and data
85
Q

What is the role of IGO’s for the State?

A
  • serve as instrument of foreign policy
  • legitimize foreign policy
  • enhance available information
  • punish or constrain state behavior
  • set international norms
86
Q

What is true about the United Nations system?

A
  • It was created to promote peace and development
  • principle of sovereign equality
    –respects the rights of large and small states at the General Assembly
    –The security council and the veto power
    –tension between effective international action vs. preservation of state sovereignty
87
Q

What does the constitution of the UN state?

A
  • it maintains peace & security
    –peacekeeping missions
  • protecting human rights
    –UN declaration of human rights (1948)
  • deliver humanitarian aid
    –natural disasters or wars
  • promote sustainable development
    – end poverty, improve health, education, environmental preservation
  • establish and uphold international war
    –ex: ICJ
88
Q

Who is the current UN secretary general?

A
  • Antonio Guterres (Portugal) 2017–Present
89
Q

What is an INGO?

A
  • International Non-governmental organization
    –they operate on an international scale
    • work across multiple countries or regions with a global focus
    • about 8, 500 INGO’s globally
      –important participants in UN sponsored conferences
      –organizers of conferences on transnational issues

ex: advocacy groups

90
Q

What are types of INGO’s or MISSIONS?

A
  • human rights INGO–Amnesty International & Human Rights Watch
  • environmental INGO–Greenpeace
  • health INGO’s–Doctors without borders
91
Q

What is the role of INGO in IR?

A
  • to advocate for specific and diverse policies
  • to provide an alternative channel for political participation
  • to mobilize mass publics
  • to distribute aid and various relief efforts
  • to monitor state practices and breach of norms and law
  • to perform services that state cannot or will not perform in education, health
92
Q

Strengths of INGOs?

A
  • independence from states
  • participation at all levels
  • links to grassroots groups
  • flexibility in administration and programs
  • rely on soft power, including credible, information, expertise, and moral authority
93
Q

Limits of INGOs?

A
  • diverse groups working at cross purposes
  • no consistent source of funds
  • lack of accountability
94
Q

What are characteristics of Multinational Corporations (MNC)?

A
  • global company
  • companies that have operations in more than 2 countries, present in investment or factories
  • there’s at least 100,000 MNC’s around the world
  • 1 million offices around the world
  • 20% of the global workforce works in MNC’s
  • 60% of MNC’s are headquartered in the West
  • 34% of MNC’s are headquartered in Asia
    –very economically powerful, called the face of globalization
95
Q

What is the largest Multinational corporation in the world?

A
  • Apple
    – valued at $2.785 trillion
  • Microsoft is second largest
    – valued at $2.383 trillion

International Relations (3 decks)

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