IR 2023 Flashcards
1
Q
India’s foreign policy evolution
A
- 1947-62— resist dilution of soverignity, NAM
- 1962- 71- PHASE of realism and recovery - 2 wars, ucp axis, soviet tilt
- 71-91- greater Indian regional assertion
Own Monroe doctrine, pokran smiling buddha, liberating Bangladesh, ipkf misadventure in srilanka, ussr end - 91-99– guarding strategic autonomy
Single superpower, pokran 2, bilateral reaction with Israel, look east - 99-2013- phase of balancing power
USA civil nuclear deal
Brics - Era of energetic diplomacy
Innovative - FIPIC
STARTED shaping key global negotiations- CDRI, ISA
Neighbourhood first, act east, hard power (uri), diaspora
2
Q
Key points of neighbourhood first policy
A
- Political and diplomatic priority to immediate neighbors
- Support as needed
- Greater connectivity and integration
- Promote a model of India led regionalism which neighbors are comfortable with
3
Q
Positive steps taken by india for its neighbourhood
A
- Lba - Bangladesh
- Millitary cooperation - operation sunrise
India- srilanka army —-> slimex - Capacity development initiative - training of Bhutan officers in NPA
- Humanitarian assistance - ex: operation neer to help Maldives govt to put out fire
- Sagar
- Connectivity - IMT, KALADAN etc
- Joint ventures - west seti hydro electric projects
4
Q
Issues faced by india in achieving neighbourhood first
A
- Political
- arc of instability ( Rajiv Sikri ) - SL, MY, AF
- refugee crisis - Rohingya
- treaty of friendship with Nepal and Bhutan - Failure of SOUTH Asian regionalism - SAARC
- Economic
- low trade ( less than 4% brookings study )
- financial crisis—- SL, pak
- delivery deficit - pancheshwar project 2 decades - Security
- border conflict - lac China
- cross border terror- pak
- organised crime - triangle and crescent
- porous borders - China factor
- india forced to deal in pairs — Chinese prism
- bri
- aid diplomacy
5
Q
Diaspora is India’s living bridge
A
- 89127 million $ 21-22 remittance
- Nation branding- Harris park of Australia, little india - hub for Indian cuisines and Indian owned business
- Global ceos - Sundar pichai, satya nadella
- Heads of multilateral Instn - Ajay Banga of wb
- Politicians - Kamala Harris, nikki haley, rishi sunak
- Global csr - lulu group + dubai cares
- Primary, secondary, tertiary activities - nhs of uk, Italy diary farming
- India’s foreign policy - Civil nuclear deal, samosa Caucasus of Usa
6
Q
Area of convergence between india Nepal
A
- Strategic - buffer, open border- treaty of friendship
- Hydro diplomacy
- river water management - Mahakali treaty
- dam construction- Sapta Kosi dam
- power trade agreement- west seti HEP - Connectivity
- road rail
- BBIN
- energy pipeline — oil pipeline (1st) - Motihari to amlekh gunj - Economic ties
- 2/3rd of Nepal merchandise trade
- Nepal land locked - trade and transit
- budget allocation to Nepal by india - Cultural
- open border and ethnic ties with madhesis — roti Beti
- Nepali official language
- cultural diplomacy — Buddhist tourism circuit - Multilateralism - saarc , BImstec
7
Q
Area of divergence india nepal
A
- Conflicts
- border — kalapani susta border
- indo - Nepal treaty - major bone of contention— sikkimisation - Security
- porous- hideouts for terrorists
- organised crime - cattle , drugs, human - Economic
- delivery deficit — Pancheswar project 2 decades pending
- Nepali tea disgusised as Darjeeling tea - Political
- madhesi discrimination ( ties with India )
- india bashing by political parties — territorial nationalism
- anti india sentiments- Nepal eq
- political instability —more than 30 govt in 3 decades - China
- proposed China - Nepal trans Himalayan connectivity network
- Chinese companies actively involved in power trade
8
Q
Indo Nepal way forward
A
- Jayan prasad - indo nepal technical level joint boundary working group
- C Rajamohan - reset - 2 departure — come into terms with Nepals quest for strategic autonomy, put all agreements including the 1950:treaty for renegotiation
9
Q
Issues with Chinese water war
A
- Water
- B 30% freshwater, 40% HEP project
- water poverty — a,a,a
- water pollution - Weaponisation
- hydrohegemony - since it’s an upper riparian state
- use as a political tool - coercive diplomacy - Limited institutional mech — stopped sharing dates with india in past
- Environment
- changing water management paradigm across the world
- artificial floods
10
Q
Rivalaries i. Middle East broad heading
A
- Failure of Instn mechanism like GCC
- Shia- Sunni
- Terrorism from governed spaces
- Israel Palestine
- Proxy war
- Turkeys aspirations
- Muslim brotherhood vs monarchy
Deamericanisation followed by sino centricism
11
Q
What is the significance of west Asia to India
A
- Strategic
- sloc - babel madeb, strait of Hormuz
- regional connectivity- chabahar
- defence - Indian millitary port- Duqm - Economic
- energy security - 2/3rd
- trade - india uae CEPA
- investment - uae investment in India’s sovereign wealth fund - Diaspora - 8-9 mn
- culture
- 2nd largest Muslim population
- launched rupay card - Historical ties
12
Q
India vs China response to RU war
A
- Supports Russian cause vs omnidirectional balancing
- Blames nato vs not any intl player
- Russian revisionism vs Westphalian notion of intl order
- China- Russia axis vs peace . Pm - “ we are not neutral . We are on the side of peace “
13
Q
Challenges faced by global south
A
- Great power contest - EU GATEWAY FUND, NEW WASHINGTON CONSENSUS
- Colonial history
- Global governance structure - P5, AoA of wto, vaccine inequality, dilution of CBDR
- Low HDI
- Economic crisis- Venezuela 400% inflation rate in 2023
- Climate colonisation
14
Q
Is India capable of being voice of global south
A
- Foreign policy
- NAM
- south south multilateral- bimstec , Ibsa - Capacity building
- technology ( Aadhar-Africa,, upi in B and N)
- Human Resource training
-pharma of the world
- space - navic , brazils Amazonia - latest launch mission of India’s pslv - Social justice
- inclusive growth model — SHG emulated in Africa
- voice against vaccine ipr
- AoA- — peace clause
- constitutional guarantee of fundamental rights - Alternate models
A. Voice. Against neo-colonial —- phase down instead of phase out
B. Alternative to Chinese expansionist model — aagc
C. Alternate institution building - Isa, osowog , cdri
15
Q
Instruments used by india for its economic diplomacy
A
- Itec - IT training center in Ghana
- Fta- india- srilanka Fta ,
- fdi- 100% fdi in manufacturing, construction and IT
- LoC - concessional line of credit - India’s defence LOC to Vietnam
- Aid - Bhutan
- devp partnership - suburban rail project of Mozambique
- Buyers credit
Talent, Tourism, trade and tech
16
Q
Wf for indi for better economic diplomacy
A
- Friendshoring and China +1
- Fta with major powers
- Minilaterals - i2u2
- Digital trade —- Aadhar and upi
- Paradiplomacy
- Role of diaspora
17
Q
Challenges faced by india wrt signing FTA
A
Trade
1. Trade deficit - ASEAN trade
2. Trade diversion - less eff
3. Inverted duty structure
4. Noodle bowl syndrome
Domestic
1. Inefficient manufacturing sector
2. Competition— agri
3. Low firm level use of FTA ( Surjit Bhalla ) — msme
Other
1. WTO plus elements — labor regulation, higher endv protection
2. Rising fortress economies
18
Q
What should be India’s focus while signing new FTA
A
Domestic
1. ES — network products, assemble in india—- deeper integration with global supply chain
2. Ensure benefits in sectors beneficial to India
— india - uae — textile, gems jewellery
— Australia- service sector and pharma
Geoeconomics
1. China +1
Geopolitics
- indo pacific
- developed countries
19
Q
Surjit Bhalla commitee recommendation on Fta
A
- Integrated approach - goods + services + investment
- Use of trade remedies like ADD- scientifically arrived proofs
- Data on use of Fta
- Inter ministerial coordination
- Stakeholder consultation
20
Q
Key points of india -aus Fta
A
- 50 Bn $ by 2027
- Service sector liberalisation
- Agri and dairy kept out
- Compulsory review mechanisms
- Safeguard mechanism against sudden Inc in imports
- COMPARABLE REGULATORY AUTHORITY MODEL
21
Q
Indo Japan convergence — political
A
- Bipartisan consensus
- Para diplomacy - ahd+ Kobe
- Global governance - g4
22
Q
Indo Japan convergence — economic
A
- Complementarities
- young vs old
- service vs adv manufacturing
- make in india vs patient capital - Largest ODA partner
- Large source of fdi - ex : japans marubeni conglomerate recently agreed to invest 10000 cr in hi tech park Kolar
- China + 1
- Scri
- Health - Ayushmann Bharat and AHWN
23
Q
Indo Japan strategic convergence
A
- Indo Japan vision 2025 — peace and prosperity in indo pacific
- Quad
- Both do not want sino centric global order — aagc
- 2+2
- Nuclear deal - 6 np — 10 fold by 2032
24
Q
Concerns of indo japan
A
Economic
1. Trade - 20 bn and 300 bn
2. Investment delay — bullet
3. Infra delay - aagc
Strategic
1. Stalled negotiations— us2 amphibious aircraft
2. Vostok 22 in kurile island
25
Key elements of Beijing accord
Result of chinas quasi mediation policy
1, embassies in Riyadh and Tehran
2. 2001 internal security agreement- oc, drug trafficking and terrorism
3. 1998 agreement on trade and investment cooperation
26
Geopolitical implications of Beijing accord
China
1. De- Americanisation coupled with China led regional order
2. Mission creep strategy of China — incremental advancement of its area of focus
3. Affect israels position
Overshadow Abraham accords, i2u2
4. Embolden certain terror outfits like hezbollah of Palestine ( supported by Iran)
5. Positive— end of Middle East Cold War
27
Wf for india wrt Beijing accord
1. trilateral balancing
2. USA proposed transit diplomacy
3. Aware and actively counter mission creep
5. India - uae cepa
28
Significance of bhutan to india / areas of cooperation
1. Historical
- protectorate to partnership
- freindship treaty 49, 2007
- instrumental in Bhutans un membership
2. Trade
- single largest Tp
- 80% of bhutans trade through kolkata port
3. Defence
- india. Millitary training team
- project dantak
- operation all clear
4. Budgeted aid
5. Mangdechuchu project
6. SBI in Bhutan
29
ASEAN INDIA OPPORTUNITIES
1. Geopolitical
— Asian century
— IP ocean initiative = ASEAN outlook on indo pacific
— China - grayzone ops, unilateral change status quo of scs
2. Commerce
- India’s 4th largest trading partner
- invest — vietnams renewable energy
- China +1
- ipef
3. Connectivity
- imt
- pay now Singapore and UPI integrated
- change base in Indonesia
4. Diaspora - 6m
5 other —cc, humanitarian ( exercise KOMODO) , recent india - asean workshop onblue economy
30
Difficulties of india asean
1, economic
- 40 bn trade deficit
- decouple, deep economic integration with China
2. Strategic
- active playground
- new great game
- C, L, M
- refugee crisis from myanmar
3. Diapora- 6, 30 mn
4. Security- golden triangle, human trafficking
5. Foreign policy - Dhruva jaishankar
31
Significance of sco
1. Strategic — p2, Eurasian, 30,40,, ircp- nws
2. Security- rats , Afghanistan, golden crescent , joint Millitary - Sary arka antiterror
3. connectivity ( Instc)
4. Investment, market , trade - trade among sco memebers in 2020- 6 trillion $
5. Energy security - SCO ENERGY CLUB - Russia and car ,,gas and uranium rich CAR
6. Political— China and Pakistan
32
Challenges in developing ties with SCO
1, Ru war - freindship without boundaries, weaponisation
2. Trust deficit
3. Connectivity - bri, car
4. Asian nato by west
5. Rcp nexus + Iran — new quad
7. Talking club
33
Why should unsc be reformed
1. Lack of democratisation - p5, skewed towards Europe
2. Over representing + under rep- no Latin America , Africa
3. Ineffective- Russian war, Covid, unsc 1267
4. Partial - Iraq vs isreael
5. Crisis of credibility, legitimacy and effectiveness in the face of changing global order - kindleberger trap
6. Polarisation - authoriatarian regime vs democratic regime in p5
34
Why should india be given a seat in unsc
1. Historical, civilisationall legacy , founding memeber
2. Democracy
3. 184/192 votes in unsc non permanent membership
4. Economy
5. Military power, nws
4. Unpkf
5. Principled stand on global issues - ex: ccit ( convention on terrorism)
6. Voice of global south
35
Significance of g20 to india
1. Strategic
- engage with developed countries
- voice of global south
** 83 paras of joint declaration with 100% consensus of all, without any footnote, or chairs summary - demonstrate India’s unifying power- as noted by g20 Sherpa Amitabh Kant **
2. Diplomacy
- soft power - g20 delegates performing yoga on yoga intl day
- energy and climate change — ex: india proposed g20 satellite mission for climate observation, launch of global biofuel allaince
3. Economy
- mou to set up india- Middle East- europe economic corridor
- tourism - G20 tourism meet in Kashmir
4. Reformed multilateralism
5. India’s digital public infra — New Delhi declaration - global repository, one future alliance - capacity building
6. Social sector cooperation - ex : G20 EMPOWER SUMMIT in Gandhinagar focused on women led development
36
Significance of Ior
1. Sloc- 80% of world sea borne trade in oil - Malaca, Sunda, Hormuz
Indian 90% of trade volume is sea borne
4. Diego Garcia , reunion, Djibouti
5. Eez- pmn
6. Deep sea mission of india - samudryaan
6. Climate change
7. Security - piracy in Somalia
37
Issues in indo pacific
Zone of new great game , proxy wars
1. China
- bri, string of pearls- Gwadar, hambantota
- gray zone area operations - multipurposing fishing vessels as surveillance
- anti access and area denial - millitarising spartly island
- overseas base — djibouti
2. USA
- quad , aukus
- Diego Garcia
- FON near Lakshadweep
3. Disputes - chagos island between uk and mauritius
3. Climate change and humanitarian crisis
5. Security treats - Mumbai 2008, piracy
6. India’s strategic confusion - happymon Jacob - continental strategy vs maritime strategy
38
India’s importance of engaging with FIPIC
1. Strategic
- fOIP, maritime trade and security
- countering China - FIJI Chinese police training
2. Economic
- Trade and market
- Maritime resource exploration
3. Forieign policy
- innovative diplomacy and soft power
Ex: Namaste pacifica festival of cook island
4. Climate change and disaster management
Ex: infrastructure for resilient island state launched by india under CDRI
5. Diaspora - png (3000) and Fiji (40%)
6. Space mission - ex : Fiji site for Aditya L1 temporary tracking station
39
What are the hurdles for india to effectively engage with fipic countries
1. Pic countries
- low GDP countries- per capita income less than 5000$ for most
- climate change vulnerabilities— heavily dependent on foreign aid
- internal issues — political unrest ( Solomon Islands ) , corruption
2. China
- gray zone operations — yuang 6 vessel
- Millitary security alliance with Solomon Islands
- debt trap diplomacy
3. India’s diplomatic vacuum
40
Some points in India’s 12 point action plan for fipic
1. Sagar Amrut scholarship
2. Super speciality hospital in Fiji
3. iT training center in PNG
4. 1 mn $ for each PIC for high impact project of their choice
5. Desalination unit
6. Sea ambulances in all 14 pic
41
Areas of cooperation between india and Australia - comprehensive strategic partnership
1. Geostrategic
- FOIP of india complementary to strategic equilibrium policy of Australia
- balance China
Ex: Huwaie banned from Australia 5g network
2. Economic
- ECTA
——— 30 to 50
——- zero import duty to 96% of Indian exports
- KABIL
- SCRI
3. Defence -2+2, logistics support agreement, malabar
4. Diaspora
- 3% of auz = india
Ex: Harris park of Australia called “ little India “
- migration and mobility agreement
5. Shared values
- Australia celebrated india @75 by lighting 40 buildings across the country
- cricket
5. Education
- mutual recognition of education qualification
- higher edn
6. Clean energy - iris and Isa
7. Forums - g20 and quad
42
Broad heading of India Germany
1. Economic
- trade - largest trading partner in Europe
- fdi - 7
- eu Fta
- ai, cyber security, smart cities
2. Strategic
- indo pacific
- strategic autonomy - hi tech transfer
3. Institutions
- g4
- isa , cdri
4. Energy
Indio German green hydrogen cooperation
5. Diaspora- migration and mobility agreement
43
Fipic countries diaspora
Indentured labourers, push factor
Pros
1. Sizeable popln in Fiji (40%) and 3000 In png
2. Hindi official language of Fiji
3. Festival- namaste pacifica of cook Island
4. Keeping the democratic spirit alive and political participation
Ex: Mahendra Chaudhry- indo Fijian pm
5. Food
Cons
1. Most of them peasant, poorest of the poorer
2. Large category of landless indo fijians
2. Racial discrimination - incidents of property looting
3. Diapora don’t share a deep bond with india
44
Way forward for water war
1. Building international norms
Ex: Helinski rules 1966 ( by an international ngo) - no harm principle wrt trans boundary water
2. Moderation of “ rule of first appropriation “
3. Indus water treaty
45
Look west policy of 2005
1. Secular, non aligned
2. G2g, b2b, p2p
3. Economic and maritime diplomacy
46
Implication of Sudan crisis for india
1. Human rights crisis
Out of 46 mn , 16 mn in need of aid
2. Diaspora ( Hakki Pikki tribes) - operation Cauvery
3. Regional instability affect India’s interest - AQIM, boko haram in Sahel region
4. Billateral trade and economic relation- Ovls Investment in Sudan
5. Longitudinal effect - high risk zone will move closer to india. With ships moving closer to india - probability of past events like ‘ enrica lexi’
47
Significance of Egypt for india
1. Indo abrhamic civilisational relationship
Ex: Dawoodi Bohra community traces
2. Strategic importance
- Egypt is an active player in 4 strategic theatre - red, med, east Africa, west Asia
- hybrid identity of Afro-Arab nation- gateway to Africa, 4th pillar of India’s trilateral balancing in west Asia
- Suez Canal - 12% of global trade
3. Multilateralism
Nam to G77 to Global south partnership
4. Economy
- natural gas trade - egypt based east Mediterranean gas forum
- itec training programme
5. Security
- defence sale - LCA in pipeline
- Cairo al Azhar university
48
Issues with india Egypt relation
1. Changing geopolitics of the region
- always in flux
- sino centricism in the region
- Arab Israel relation in flux - Abraham accord overshadowed by Beijing accord
2. Economic
- Egypt facing severe economic crisis
- low trade - 6bn in 2022
49
How RU war positively shaped India’s FP
1. Assertive stance - sj - it’s problem are worlds problem
2. Mediator
- Black Sea grain deal
- zaporizhzhia
3. Citizen centric fp - continued oil trade
4. Weaponisation - countries looking for derisking and friendshoring. Opportunity for india
50
RU war issues with india
1. China factor
- alliance with no forbidden areas
- salami slicing - Japan pm “ Ukraine is what might next happen in Asia “
2. India’s multi alignment stance criticised
- against its Westphalian notion of rule based order
- buying oil from Russia - subtle pro Russian
3. Humanitarian ethos
- un hc hr - more than 10000 civilians have lost life
4. Weaponisation of supply chain - rising fertiliser price in india
51
USA s threat - Russia vs china
1. Bipolar vs hetreropolar - deamericanisation
2. Technology race vs hitech, dev- security hyphenation.
Ex: micron, huwaei
3. Russia sphere of influence limited to east Europe vs world wide ( bri - 155)
4. Start treaty vs failing multilateral institutions
5. 3 dimension of war vs 4th and 5th
Ex: df 27, us govt departments emails
6. Domination of dollar vs de dollarisation, internationalisation of yuan
52
What stands in India’s way to become the voice of global south
1. India’s foreign policy issues
- happymon Jacob - luxury that Indian politicians can’t afford
- psc - 0.44% of the budget
2. Chinese factor
- Chinese hegemony - as of mid august 155 countries have signed for bri
- sinicization - Confucius institutes
3. Not a cohesive group
4. Anti west narrative
53
Pm Modi way forward on global south
1. Respond to global south priorities
2. Recognize CBDR
3. Respect sovereignty of all
4. Reform intl institutions
54
What are the challenges for india in exerting it’s economic diplomacy
1. India’s issues
- low regional integration - brrokings study < 4% of global trade
- India dependent on Chinese imports (70bn $ in 21-22)
- lack of internationalisation of rupee
- delivery deficit - pancheshwar project 2 decades
- expertise of embassies
- lack of pvt participation and paradiplomacy
2. Fta issues
- asean
- noodle bowl
- inverted duty
3. Chinese
- bri - 155
- cheque book
4. Global
- dysfunctional wto
- deglobalisation
- intl economic lawlessness- aid and trade weaponisation
55
Concerns in indo bhutan
1. Treaty of friendship - consult india on foreign and defence - fear of sikkimisation
2. Criticised of Indian paternalism
3. Economic intervention model - > 60% of Bhutan exp on importing goods from India
4. Hep - squeezing out Bhutanese players
56
Issues faced by pak
Polycrisis
1. Political- popular oppn against incumbent
2. Army
3. Ethnic tiffs - Farzana sheikh in her book MAKING SENSE OF PAKISTAN - centralized monolithic identities
4. Economic crisis
- inflation - 300
- import cover
- imf
- 1/3rd debt to China
5. Disaster - floods
6, terrorism - tehreek e Pakistan
57
What are the objectives of g20
1. Policy coordination to achieve financial stability
2. Promote reguLtions to prevent future crisis
3. New intl financial architecture
58
Can g20 replace unsc? / significance
1. Representative - 85% of gdp, 70% of population
2. Inclusive - Latin America ( ex: Brazil), Africa
3. Trade- 75% of worlds trade
4. Decision by consensus - one party cannot thwart by veto
Ex: Russia cannot veto declaration regarding RU war and will be held accountable— as seen in the Bali declaration which condemned the war
5. Climate- 80% of worlds carbon emitters
Wide agenda and consultation makes its effective
59
Achievements of g20 so far
1. Stronger macro economic cooperation
2. Agreement to increase Imf resources
3. Target beps
4. Inclusive green growth
5. Endorsement on action plan on food security and responsible agriculture
6. G20 digital economic development and cooperation initiative
60
Issues with India’s defence diplomacy
1. Policy uncertainty: Dpp has changed 7 times since 2001
2. Quality issues - Ecuador cancelling helicopter deals with Hal
3. India’s production largely based on licensing agreement
Ex: UK preventing LCA sale to Argentina ( lca has British components onboard)
4. Huge revenue expenditure in defence budget. Less than one fourth
5. Cost overrun and inefficiencies in dpsu
6. Allegations of corruption. Ex: bofors
7. Defence market monopolisation by USA, Israel, Russia
61
What is India’s approach in Indian Ocean
Sphere of natural influence
1. 2014 Delhi dialogue - zone of peace
2. Free and open indo pacific
3. Maintains its role as a net security provider
4. Sagar - India’s strategic vision for ior
5. Maritime infra - change base, sabang, duqm
6. Hadr - operation neer - helped Maldives in putting out fire
7. Alliance building - quad, indo-France vision for indo pacific, indo- Japan vision
8. Multilateralism - fipic summit, Colombo security initiative
62
Challenges india is facing in establishing relationship with afghan
1. Security
- terrorism - draw circle diagram
- important for paks strategic depth - talibans link to isi
2. Strategic
- zone of new great game - Chinese policy of deamericanisation
- india not part of 6+2+1
3. Economic
- unodc - 30% growth of opium economy after taliban
- large Chinese interest - Chinese company to extract oil from amudarya basin
- economic crisis- world bank - gdp contracted by 20% post taliban
4. Inability to form a inclusive govt - Pashtuns
5. Humanitarian crisis - women - beauty parlours
63
Indo france - areas of convergence
1. Defence - Rafael, project 75 nuclear submarines, joint manufacturer of Tata and airbus c295 aircraft
2. Nuclear
Helping setting up Jaitapur npp under civil nuclear deal
3. Changing global order
- supports India’s entry into nsg, unsc
- india along with France to co chair - NEW global financing pact
4. Climate change - ex: isa
5. India France INDO PACIFIC ROAD MAP
Has several initiatives like indo french health campus, indo pacific trilateral fund
6. Space - isro + cnes = planned mars mission
7. Edn - agreement on mutual recog of academic degree
64
Challenges in india france
1. Low trade -12 bn
2. China deep economic integration- cannot decouple
3. Geopolitical complexity
- in light of aukus deal - india, France , Australia will be challenging
4. No Fta
65
What was included in the Geneva package of wto
India 15 $ per year per fisherman
Usa - 4600$
66
Issues with wto
India provides 100$ per farmer agri subsidy
Usa - 7200$
67
Is wto still relevant
1. Globalisation - helps countries develop
1995-0.6, now - 3.75
2. Rule based order - mfn, national treatment
3. Comparative advantage
4. Stronger voice of the weak
- Doha ministerial conference- differential and special treatmen for developing countries
5. Dispute resolution
6. Consensus based
7. Peace and stability
Friedmans Golden Arches theory
68
Wf for wto
69
Success of unpkf
70
Failures of unpkf
71
Wf for unpkf
72
Brics
73
Indus water treaty issue
1. India has issued notice seeking review and modificat
2. Pakistan violated the graded mechanism and directly apporoached the court of arbitration for rattle, Kishanganj’s project
Benifits of renegotiation
1. Needs of citizens
2. Climate change
3. Helinski rules, champion principles
4. Clarity on the dispute resolution process
5. Strategic nature - after Balakot and uri india has slightly hardened its stance of using IWT as a strategic weapon.
** pm - blood and water cannot flow together**
6. Rising role of China in pak- cpec and Obor will use this water
74
Success of brics
1. New Dev bank, contingency reserve agreement
2. Alternative to swift system and common BRICS currency is in pipeline
3. Brics business council
4. P2P - Brics games ( first in Goa) , young diplomates forum
5. Brics cooperation in remote sensing satellite data sharing
6. Brics counter terrorism action plan
