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1 Network+ > IP and Routing > Flashcards

IP and Routing Flashcards

1
Q

What technique allows you to send TCP and UDP data flows in a single combined transmission over a network?

A

Multiplexing - allows you to combine multiple application/transport streams into one transmission.

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2
Q

Which protocol TCP or UDP is connection orientated?

A

TCP - reliable delivery method as ACKnowledges packets are received and can be resent if needed (error recovery) and reordered.

The receiver gets what you send. Guaranteed delivery/signed for.

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3
Q

Which protocol has flow control?

A

TCP

Flow control - receiving device can tell sender/source device to slow transmission down if it can’t handle the speed or speed up the transmission.

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4
Q

Which is faster TCP or UDP?

A

UDP - no overheads or waiting for ACKnowledgement from receiving device.

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5
Q

What is included in every IP packet to send the data to the right app?

A

Port Number.

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6
Q

What is an IP socket?

A

A combination of an IP address and a port number which together identify the socket for a specific process/service.

IP:Port

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7
Q

What range of port numbers are non-ephemeral?

A

0-1023 are permanent/non-ephemeral port numbers but this is just a rule of thumb and not set in stone. (you can pick any port number for anything if you’d like.)

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8
Q

What are client side ports from 1024-65,535 also known as?

A

Ephemeral/Temporary/Changing ports although this is just recommended and it’s just a number. TCP ports are separate from UDP ports e.g. TCP/80 is a different port to UDP/80!.

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9
Q

What type of IPv4 addresses are in the range 127.0-127.255

A

Loopback address range 127. all devices have a self-loopback address to self reference. This is an easy way to see if your local IP stack is working.

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10
Q

How many bits are in an IPv4 address?

A

32-bits (8x4) 4 octets.

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11
Q

How many bits are in a IPv6 address?

A

128-bits, 16 octets

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12
Q

What is a link-local address? What can it communicate with?

A

A link-local address (e.g. APIPA - 69.254 range) is an IP that allows the device to ONLY connect to other devices on its subnet. It doesn’t allow forwarding by routers.

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13
Q

How many bits are usable for host addresses in a Class B subnet mask?

A

16 bits (2 octets).

255.255.0.0 (class b subnet mask)

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14
Q

How many bits are reserved for the network address in a Class A subnet mask?

A

8 bits (1 octet) 255.0.0.0 (class a subnet mask)

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15
Q

How many bits are reserved for hosts in a Class C subnet mask?

A

8 bits (1 Octet) 255.255.255.0 (Class C subnet) Demarcation (separation marker) point after the first 24 bits reserved for network address before the host portion of the mask begins.

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16
Q

Is CIDR classful or classless?

A

CIDR - Classless Inter-Domain Routing - removed the restrictions of classful subnet masks.

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17
Q

What is the subnet mask of a CIDR notation of /16? E.g. 172.68.0.0/16

A

255.255.0.0 because /16 in CIDR is 16 bits for the network portion of the subnet mask.

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18
Q

What is the subnet mask of a CIDR /24? E.g. 192.168.1.44/24

A

255.255.255.0 = CIDR /24 because 24 bits (3 octets) are used for the network side of the subnet mask.

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19
Q

What would the CIDR notation be of the following subnet mask?

255.0.0.0

A

/8 in CIDR as the first 8 bits are the network part of the mask.

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20
Q

What are the first and last addresses (1 & 255) reserved for in a subnet?

A

The first address/value of 1 is reserved as the network address and the last value/address of the subnet is reserved as a broadcast address. Therefore there are only 254 useable host addresses not 256 because 0 is reserved for the network address and 255 is reserved for the broadcast address.

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21
Q

In the Magic Number Subnetting method what number would be an interesting decimal octet value/the INTERESTING OCTET from 0, 232, 255?

A

232 would be the Interesting Octet as any octet value in a subnet mask other than 255 or 0 is considered the INTERESTING OCTET which you then subtract from 256.

256-232=24 so there would be 24 hosts available on that subnet!

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21
Q

What is the formula to work out how many host addresses there are?

A

(2 to the power of the number of 0’s/host bits)-2 = the amount of available hosts per subnet.

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21
Q

What is subnetting?

A

Changing the subnet mask to suit your purpose - defining how many subnets and hosts per subnets you want.

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22
Q

In the IPv6 address 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 what can be removed to compress it (make it more human readable)?

A

The leading 0 in the 2nd and 7th 16-bit group can be removed.

The 0’s in the 4th and 5th 16-bit groups can be compressed to “::”

So it becomes: 2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334

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23
Q

What does NAT64 (6 to 4 ONLY) do and what DNS service is often used in conjunction with it?

A

NAT64 translates IPv6 into IPv4 addresses, often used with DNS64 which translates the DNS requests.

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24
Q

What is a routing table?

A

A routing table is a list of stored network paths to destinations. When a packet is received by a router/routing device the destination IP address is compared to the routing table and a next best hop/step/router IP address is decided on.

Decides the next best hop on a data packets path across a network.

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25
Q

What is static routing?

A

Manually setting a network pathway/route between devices in a network.

26
Q

What are some pros of static routing vs dynamic routing?

A

+Easy to configure in a small network.
+More secure as you know the exact route your packets follow - fewer attack vectors - less chance of MITM attack.
+No overhead/routing protocols needed which makes it quicker.

27
Q

What are some negatives of static routing?

A

Very hard to scale in large networks.
Risk of human error - if you configure something wrong data won’t reach destination.
No automatic redundancy/can’t adapt on the fly to network failures - if a hop on a pathway fails then rip.

28
Q

What is dynamic routing?

A

Method where routers automatically update their routing table/list based on network changes - by being in constant communication with other routers exchanging routing information. Provides redundancy by changing route if a device/hop on a path has stopped responding.

29
Q

What are the benefits of dynamic routing?

A

+No manual management or configuration of routes
+New routes are populated automatically on the fly e.g. if a new device is added a new path is formed
+Much more efficient, can provide load balancing
+Provides redundancy as an alternate route can be automatically switched to if a device on a primary path goes down
+Highly scalable to large networks due to the automation

30
Q

What are the drawbacks of dynamic routing?

A

-Requires initial setup of routing protocols
-Some routing protocol overhead for data packets (bloat)

31
Q

What is a commonly used dynamic routing protocol?

A

EIGRP updates - Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol are used to exchange routing information across a network to update each routers routing table (add new paths that those routers can’t see themselves).

Different routing protocols decide on the best route using different parameters e.g.:
-is the route available or not
-how many hops away would the route take you

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) are also commonly used routing protocols.

32
Q

Are routing protocols proprietary?

A

Some routing protocols are proprietary (not all). Which means they will only work on CISCO devices/routers etc.

33
Q

What does cost refer to in OSPF routing?

A

Cost is a combined value based on the network route/paths throughput, speed and reliability. The lower cost (faster and more reliable route) is always chosen/prioritised by OSPF routing protocol. (Open Shortest Path First).

34
Q

What does the OSPF routing protocol prioritise routes based on?

A

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol designed to prioritise routing table paths based on the speed of the route/cost (throughput, round-trip time and reliability).

35
Q

What is the main benefit of the BGP - Border Gateway Protocol routing protocol over the OSPF - Open Shortest Path First routing protocol?

A

The BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) can connect multiple different networks (autonomous systems/AS) together whereas the OSPF is used in a single Autonomous Systems/network owned by the organization/company.

OSPF - private company routing protocol (more secure and faster CONVERGENCE (reaction speed to network changes))
BGP - world wide, communal routing protocol

36
Q

Which routing protocol updates faster in reaction to network changes; BGP or OSPF?

A

OSPF has faster convergence - update speed in response to a network change.

37
Q

If there are multiple routes on a routing table to a specific IP/destination then which one of the routes is chosen?

A

The most direct route (fewest hops) wins.

38
Q

If there are two identical IP routes to a subnet and one has an administrative distance of 254 and one has an administrative distance of 0 which is selected to be used?

A

The route with an administrative distance of 0 is chosen. The lower the administrative distance the higher the priority of the route type.

0 = the lowest Administrative Distance as it is a DIRECT (Local) connection/pathway and 255 is the highest Administrative Distance being an “unknown” route/pathway type.

1=static route

39
Q

What is FHRP - First Hop Redundancy Protocol and what does it provide?

A

It is a way of having multiple devices (routers generally) act as default gateways to provide redundancy/prevent downtime by putting a VIP - Virtual IP Address as the default gateway address as a hop in front of the primary router that is switched to the redundant router/s in case the primary router goes down.

Like a proxy IP for the gateway device meaning that a redundant gateway can be setup both using the same VIP.

40
Q

What are subinterfaces?

A

Subinterfaces are multiple virtualised interfaces within one single physical interface (e.g. a single switch port). They are configurable and are used to segment/split networks, create VLANs, reduce how many physical cables are needed.

E.g. one physical interface 1/1 can be subdivided into 3 subinterfaces:
-suberinterface 1/1.1
-suberinterface 1/1.2
-suberinterface 1/1.3

41
Q

What is the networking technology called trunking?

A

A way of carrying traffic for multiple VLAN’s over a SINGLE PHYSICAL connection/network link/network path between two end points.

Single network cable to carry traffic for multiple VLANs instead of needing one physical network cable for each ones traffic.

42
Q

What network protocol prevents network loops on Ethernet networks?

A

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) - prevents network loops by identifying the shortest/optimal path and BLOCKING redundant paths/loops by changing the PORT STATE to Blocking.

43
Q

What are the 5 possible port states for STP?

A

5 States of Ports for STP:
Blocking = prevent loops by dropping frames.
Listening = monitors BPDUs (Bridge Protocol Data Units) to determine the network topology.
Learning = learns MAC addresses WITHOUT forwarding the data/addresses.
Forwarding = forwards frames/allows data frames to pass through the port and is fully operational
Disabled = not used in the STP process

44
Q

What is the “root bridge” used in STP?

A

Root port is the central reference point/root/source for the spanning tree - all paths and points in the network are calculated relative to it.

The root bridge that all connected network topology (network paths) are calculated from relatively.

45
Q

What is a bridge/network bridge?

A

Network bridge/bridge is HARDWARE that connects multiple LAN’s together. i.e. bridging the gap between them

46
Q

What is path cost?

A

Path cost = a metric/measure used by STP to determine the shortest/most efficient path to the ROOT BRIDGE (bridge with lowest BridgeID/BID = bridge priority + MAC address).

Path costs are defined by the 802.1D standard:
10 Mbps: 100
100 Mbps: 19
1 Gbps: 4
10 Gbps: 2

47
Q

What IEE standard defines the default path costs of different cable/connection speeds in a topology?

A

802.1D standard defined
10 Mbps: 100
100 Mbps: 19
1 Gbps: 4
10 Gbps: 2

48
Q

What is a ROOT PORT (RP)?

A

Root Port (RP) = a SINGLE port on every non root switch that has the lowest PATH COST to the ROOT BRIDGE.

(The fastest route to return traffic to the root bridge).

49
Q

What is a DESIGNATED PORT (DP)?

A

Designated Port (DP) = a single port PER NETWORK SEGMENT (Layer 2 portion/no routing) that FORWARDS frames AWAY from the ROOT BRIDGE.

50
Q

What is a BLOCKED PORT (BP)?

A

Blocked Port (BP) = stops traffic being forwarded from/through it to prevent loops. STP has a single optimal/active path open between network devices at any one time.

51
Q

Does STP provide redundancy if a path fails/disconnects?

A

Yes. STP recalculates the network topology and reactivates a BLOCKED PORT to maintain connectivity/provide redundancy.

Happens when STP detects a link failure using regularly exchanged BPDU’s (Bridge Protocol Data Units).

52
Q

What is the latest version of STP (802.1w)?

A

Rapid STP (RSTP/802.1w) is the latest version of STP with much faster convergence (time taken to reach to a change/failed link and provide a new route) than original STP 50 seconds -> 6 seconds.

RSTP is backwards compatible with STP.

53
Q

What is port bonding/link aggregation?

A

Technique used to merge multiple network physical connections/multiple physical ports to appear to the network as one. This allows for load balancing across the interfaces, more bandwidth and provides redundancy.

54
Q

What is an MTU?

A

MTU - Maximum Transmission Unit = the biggest IP packet size that can be sent across a network pathway without fragmenting.

Fragmenting slows transfer speeds down by adding overhead and if you lose a fragment then you lose the ENTIRE IP packet.

55
Q

What are Jumbo Frames and why use them?

A

Jumbo Frames are Ethernet frames (layer 2/MAC/data link) that are bigger than 1500 bytes of payload.

By using Jumbo Frames less headers/overhead is needed per data byte transferred. This improves data transmission efficiency and lowers CPU loads (as less frames to unpack/process).

All Ethernet devices in the network path must support Jumbo Frames.

56
Q

If APIPA only works for IPv4 addresses what is the IPv6 equivalent?

A

SLAAC - StateLess Address AutoConfiguration - is the IPv6 way of self-assisgning an IP address automatically without needing a DHCP server. It allows the device to communicate globally (globally scoped) whereas IPv4 APIPA addresses can only communicate within their subnet (local scope).

57
Q

What is the purpose of Neighbour Discovery Protocol (NDP) in IPv6?

A

NDP replaces IPv4’s ARP and ICMP protocols for IPv6 addresses. NDP is multicast (vs IPv4 broadcast which is limited to the local subnet) which is one to many devices including those in a global scope (provided there are forwarding multicast routers).

NDP makes IPv6 networks self-sufficient and more streamlined than IPv4.

58
Q

Why is NDP (IPv6) faster/more streamlined than IPv4 ARP?

A

NDP is faster/more streamlined as it uses MULTICAST (one-to-many pre-defined multicast addressed group of network devices) instead of BROADCAST which is used by ARP that is locally scoped and bloats the network by sending to every device on the network instead of just those devices that need the information (that multicast sends to).

59
Q

Does NDP support SLAAC?

A

Yes, NDP supports SLAAC by enabling the router to advertise a prefix and allowing devices to automatically create their own IPv6 address.

60
Q

What process within NDP in IPv6 prevents duplicate IP’s on a network/IP conflicts?

A

DAD - Duplicate Address Detection - is a NDP process that scans for and prevents Duplicate IP addresses on a network thereby preventing IP address conflicts.

61
Q

What is the purpose of the DAD mechanism within NDP?

A

DAD = process that scans for and prevents Duplicate IP addresses on a network thereby preventing IP address conflicts.

62
Q

Is ff02::2 the all-routers multicast address?

A

Yes, ff02::2 is the all-routers multicast address.

So if you send a message to ff02::2 all routers on the local network will receive it.

63
Q

What is the RS/RA two step process for configuring stateless IPv6 address, that replaces the DORA (IPv4) 4-step process?

A
  1. RS = Router Solicitation - message for all routers on the local network (discovery) sent to the all-routers multicast address (ff02::2) to get the network’s prefix and default gateway/configuration information.
  2. RA = Router Advertisement - response message from router to new device on local network containing the:
    -Network prefix/subnet mask (e.g. 2001:0db8::/64) that the device can then use to configure it’s own stateless (self-assigned) IPv6 address
64
Q

What is the equivalent of a network prefix (IPv6 CIDR notation) in IPv4?

A

Network prefix is just the IPv4 subnet mask equivalent for IPv6 (expressed in CIDR notation e.g. 2001:0db8::/64).

65
Q

What is a gateway of last resort?

A

Gateway of last resort = is a static configured fallback path that packets are routed to from other devices if they can’t find a path for the packets. This prevents the packets simply being dropped/lost and the gateway of last resort can then forward it on its way using its huge routing table/generally including a path out the the internet or wider network.

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