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Network+ > IP and Routing > Flashcards

IP and Routing Flashcards

1
Q

What technique allows you to send TCP and UDP data flows in a single combined transmission over a network?

A

Multiplexing - allows you to combine multiple application/transport streams into one transmission.

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2
Q

Which protocol TCP or UDP is connection orientated?

A

TCP - reliable delivery method as ACKnowledges packets are received and can be resent if needed (error recovery) and reordered.

The receiver gets what you send. Guaranteed delivery/signed for.

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3
Q

Which protocol has flow control?

A

TCP

Flow control - receiving device can tell sender/source device to slow transmission down if it can’t handle the speed or speed up the transmission.

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4
Q

Which is faster TCP or UDP?

A

UDP - no overheads or waiting for ACKnowledgement from receiving device.

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5
Q

What is included in every IP packet to send the data to the right app?

A

Port Number.

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6
Q

What is an IP socket?

A

A combination of an IP address and a port number which together identify the socket for a specific process/service.

IP:Port

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7
Q

What range of port numbers are non-ephemeral?

A

0-1023 are permanent/non-ephemeral port numbers but this is just a rule of thumb and not set in stone. (you can pick any port number for anything if you’d like.)

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8
Q

What are client side ports from 1024-65,535 also known as?

A

Ephemeral/Temporary/Changing ports although this is just recommended and it’s just a number. TCP ports are separate from UDP ports e.g. TCP/80 is a different port to UDP/80!.

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9
Q

What type of IPv4 addresses are in the range 127.0-127.255

A

Loopback address range 127. all devices have a self-loopback address to self reference. This is an easy way to see if your local IP stack is working.

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10
Q

How many bits are in an IPv4 address?

A

32-bits (8x4) 4 octets.

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11
Q

How many bits are in a IPv6 address?

A

128-bits, 16 octets

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12
Q

What is a link-local address? What can it communicate with?

A

A link-local address (e.g. APIPA - 69.254 range) is an IP that allows the device to ONLY connect to other devices on its subnet. It doesn’t allow forwarding by routers.

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13
Q

How many bits are usable for host addresses in a Class B subnet mask?

A

16 bits (2 octets).

255.255.0.0 (class b subnet mask)

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14
Q

How many bits are reserved for the network address in a Class A subnet mask?

A

8 bits (1 octet) 255.0.0.0 (class a subnet mask)

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15
Q

How many bits are reserved for hosts in a Class C subnet mask?

A

8 bits (1 Octet) 255.255.255.0 (Class C subnet) Demarcation (separation marker) point after the first 24 bits reserved for network address before the host portion of the mask begins.

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16
Q

Is CIDR classful or classless?

A

CIDR - Classless Inter-Domain Routing - removed the restrictions of classful subnet masks.

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17
Q

What is the subnet mask of a CIDR notation of /16? E.g. 172.68.0.0/16

A

255.255.0.0 because /16 in CIDR is 16 bits for the network portion of the subnet mask.

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18
Q

What is the subnet mask of a CIDR /24? E.g. 192.168.1.44/24

A

255.255.255.0 = CIDR /24 because 24 bits (3 octets) are used for the network side of the subnet mask.

19
Q

What would the CIDR notation be of the following subnet mask?

255.0.0.0

A

/8 in CIDR as the first 8 bits are the network part of the mask.

20
Q

What are the first and last addresses (1 & 255) reserved for in a subnet?

A

The first address/value of 1 is reserved as the network address and the last value/address of the subnet is reserved as a broadcast address. Therefore there are only 254 useable host addresses not 256 because 0 is reserved for the network address and 255 is reserved for the broadcast address.

21
Q

In the Magic Number Subnetting method what number would be an interesting decimal octet value/the INTERESTING OCTET from 0, 232, 255?

A

232 would be the Interesting Octet as any octet value in a subnet mask other than 255 or 0 is considered the INTERESTING OCTET which you then subtract from 256.

256-232=24 so there would be 24 hosts available on that subnet!

21
Q

What is the formula to work out how many host addresses there are?

A

(2 to the power of the number of 0’s/host bits)-2 = the amount of available hosts per subnet.

21
Q

What is subnetting?

A

Changing the subnet mask to suit your purpose - defining how many subnets and hosts per subnets you want.

22
Q

In the IPv6 address 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 what can be removed to compress it (make it more human readable)?

A

The leading 0 in the 2nd and 7th 16-bit group can be removed.

The 0’s in the 4th and 5th 16-bit groups can be compressed to “::”

So it becomes: 2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334

23
Q

What does NAT64 (6 to 4 ONLY) do and what DNS service is often used in conjunction with it?

A

NAT64 translates IPv6 into IPv4 addresses, often used with DNS64 which translates the DNS requests.

24
Q

What is a routing table?

A

A routing table is a list of stored network paths to destinations. When a packet is received by a router/routing device the destination IP address is compared to the routing table and a next best hop/step/router IP address is decided on.

Decides the next best hop on a data packets path across a network.

25
Q

What is static routing?

A

Manually setting a network pathway/route between devices in a network.

26
Q

What are some pros of static routing vs dynamic routing?

A

+Easy to configure in a small network.
+More secure as you know the exact route your packets follow - fewer attack vectors - less chance of MITM attack.
+No overhead/routing protocols needed which makes it quicker.

27
Q

What are some negatives of static routing?

A

Very hard to scale in large networks.
Risk of human error - if you configure something wrong data won’t reach destination.
No automatic redundancy/can’t adapt on the fly to network failures - if a hop on a pathway fails then rip.

28
Q

What is dynamic routing?

A

Method where routers automatically update their routing table/list based on network changes - by being in constant communication with other routers exchanging routing information. Provides redundancy by changing route if a device/hop on a path has stopped responding.

29
Q

What are the benefits of dynamic routing?

A

+No manual management or configuration of routes
+New routes are populated automatically on the fly e.g. if a new device is added a new path is formed
+Much more efficient, can provide load balancing
+Provides redundancy as an alternate route can be automatically switched to if a device on a primary path goes down
+Highly scalable to large networks due to the automation

30
Q

What are the drawbacks of dynamic routing?

A

-Requires initial setup of routing protocols
-Some routing protocol overhead for data packets (bloat)

31
Q

What is a commonly used dynamic routing protocol?

A

EIGRP updates - Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol are used to exchange routing information across a network to update each routers routing table (add new paths that those routers can’t see themselves).

Different routing protocols decide on the best route using different parameters e.g.:
-is the route available or not
-how many hops away would the route take you

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) are also commonly used routing protocols.

32
Q

Are routing protocols proprietary?

A

Some routing protocols are proprietary (not all). Which means they will only work on CISCO devices/routers etc.

33
Q

What does cost refer to in OSPF routing?

A

Cost is a combined value based on the network route/paths throughput, speed and reliability. The lower cost (faster and more reliable route) is always chosen/prioritised by OSPF routing protocol. (Open Shortest Path First).

34
Q

What does the OSPF routing protocol prioritise routes based on?

A

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol designed to prioritise routing table paths based on the speed of the route/cost (throughput, round-trip time and reliability).

35
Q

What is the main benefit of the BGP - Border Gateway Protocol routing protocol over the OSPF - Open Shortest Path First routing protocol?

A

The BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) can connect multiple different networks (autonomous systems/AS) together whereas the OSPF is used in a single Autonomous Systems/network owned by the organization/company.

OSPF - private company routing protocol (more secure and faster CONVERGENCE (reaction speed to network changes))
BGP - world wide, communal routing protocol

36
Q

Which routing protocol updates faster in reaction to network changes; BGP or OSPF?

A

OSPF has faster convergence - update speed in response to a network change.

37
Q

If there are multiple routes on a routing table to a specific IP/destination then which one of the routes is chosen?

A

The most direct route (fewest hops) wins.

38
Q

If there are two identical IP routes to a subnet and one has an administrative distance of 254 and one has an administrative distance of 0 which is selected to be used?

A

The route with an administrative distance of 0 is chosen. The lower the administrative distance the higher the priority of the route type.

0 = the lowest Administrative Distance as it is a DIRECT (Local) connection/pathway and 255 is the highest Administrative Distance being an “unknown” route/pathway type.

1=static route

39
Q

What is FHRP - First Hop Redundancy Protocol and what does it provide?

A

It is a way of having multiple devices (routers generally) act as default gateways to provide redundancy/prevent downtime by putting a VIP - Virtual IP Address as the default gateway address as a hop in front of the primary router that is switched to the redundant router/s in case the primary router goes down.

Like a proxy IP for the gateway device meaning that a redundant gateway can be setup both using the same VIP.

40
Q

What are subinterfaces?

A

Subinterfaces are multiple virtualised interfaces within one single physical interface (e.g. a single switch port). They are configurable and are used to segment/split networks, create VLANs, reduce how many physical cables are needed.

E.g. one physical interface 1/1 can be subdivided into 3 subinterfaces:
-suberinterface 1/1.1
-suberinterface 1/1.2
-suberinterface 1/1.3

41
Q

What is the networking technology called trunking?

A

A way of carrying traffic for multiple VLAN’s over a SINGLE PHYSICAL connection/network link/network path between two end points.

Single network cable to carry traffic for multiple VLANs instead of needing one physical network cable for each ones traffic.

Network+ (8 decks)

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