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Organ Systems Anatomy and Physiology > Ionotropic and Metabotropic Neurotransmission > Flashcards

Ionotropic and Metabotropic Neurotransmission Flashcards

1
Q

Synaptic Transmission

A

chemical means by which neurons communicate with each other

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2
Q

A. Where are neurotransmitters released from?
B. What is the space between membranes involved in transmitter release called?
C. What do the receptors in postsynaptic membranes generate?

A

A. The vesicles in the presynaptic membrane
B. Snaptic cleft
C. Postsynaptic potentials

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3
Q

1In ionotropic gated transmission receptors are…

2 Ionotropic gated transmission is transient or lasting?

A

1transmitter/ligand gated channels

2. transient (10-20 milliseconds)

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4
Q

In ionotropic gated transmission binding with a neurotransmitter changes its configuration to increase or decrease its permeability to ions

A

increases

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5
Q

The net effect of EPSP is polarization or depolarization? Why? What ions are involved?

A

Increase in permeability of Na+ and K+. Na+ enters (depolarizes) cell and K+ exits (polarizes). Higher concentration of Na+ outside cell results in overall depolarization

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6
Q

What is an excitatory action?

A

The membrane depolarizes closer to threshold of action potential, this increasing the excitability

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7
Q

Where do excitatory synapses normally occur?

A

on dendrites

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8
Q

The net effect of an IPSP is polarization or depolatization? Why? What ions are involved?

A

Hyperpolarization is caused by influx of Cl- and efflux of K+ ions.

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9
Q

What is an inhibitory action?

A

THe membrane hyperpolarizes away from the threshold, decreasing excitability

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10
Q

Where are inhibitory synapses usually found?

A

on cell bodies

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11
Q

What is spatial summation of psp’s?

A

Simultaneous activation of EPSPs in different regions of the cell

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12
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

the summation of synaptic potentials from the same synapse can summate to create overall excitation or inhibition

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13
Q

Define excitation

A

The summated EPSPs can approach and exceed the threshold for action potentials

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14
Q

Define inhibition

A

Summated IPSPs can pull membrane away from the threshold, decreasing the likelihood that an action potential will be initiated

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15
Q

How many axons can synapse upon a single neuron

A

thousands

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16
Q

What does EEG measure?

A

The synchronization of PSPs among large populations of neurons

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17
Q

What type of information is processed in dendrites and cell bodies?

A

Postsynaptic potentials (analog” information… enough or not enough to create AP)”

18
Q

What type of information is processed at the axon hillock?

A

AP initiation

19
Q

What type of information is processed at the Axon?

A

AP conduction (digital” information)”

20
Q

What type of information is processed at the axon terminals?

A

Synaptic release

21
Q

Non-gated channels: What type of ions are involved and where are the channels located?

A

THey are K+ channels

Located along the whole cell, except initial segment and nodes of Ranvier

22
Q

Voltage gated channels: What type of ions are involved and where are the channels located?

A
  1. Na+ and K+ channels- located at the initial segment and nodes of Ranvier (APs)
  2. and Ca++ channels- located at axon terminal (transmitter release)
23
Q

Neurotransmitter/ligand gated: What type of ions are involved and where are the channels located?

A
  1. Na+/K+ channels- located at Postsynaptic dendrite membranes (EPSPs)
  2. Cl- channels- located at postsynaptic cell body membrane (IPSPs)
24
Q
  1. Metabotropic gated transmission does or does not penetrate membrane?
  2. Its effect is lasting or transient?
A
  1. Does not

2. Lasting (minutes to hours)

25
Q

What type of membrane receptors does Metabotropic gated transmission use?
What do they bind?
What effect does this have?

A
  1. membrane receptors
  2. liopophobic transmitters that don’t penetrate the membrane
  3. cascade effect- prolonged
26
Q

In metabotropic systems, what does JAK do?

A

links with receptor and alters call activity by phosphorylating proteins

27
Q

What do G proteins utilize?

A

GTP (Guanosine triphosphate)

28
Q

What do beta and gamma portions of the G protein bind to and what do they do?

A

They bind directly onto ion channels and alter their permeability

29
Q

How are G proteins used during heart deceleration?

A

vagus nerve stimulates SA node using Ach, releases G protein and opens K+ channels

30
Q

What are two examples of second messengers?

A

cAMP and IP3/DAG- universal

31
Q

What is cAMP synthesized from?

A

ATP

32
Q

What determines how much cAMP is formed?

A

the balance between isoform of alpha portions of G protein ( stimulate or inhibit cAMP in their different forms)

33
Q

cAMP induces or deters the PKA phosphorylation of contractile proteins, ions channels, enzymes of intermediary metabolism and other regulatory proteins?

A

induces

34
Q

What effect does cAMP have on neuronal excitability?

A

Produes long term (hours) changes in neuronal excitability by altering permeability of non-gated” K+ channels”

35
Q

How does cAMP regulate metabolic pathways?

A

It converts glycogen to glucose in the liver and muscle cells and releases fatty acids from adipose cells

36
Q

G protein activates phospholipase C (PLC). What does this do?

A

PLC cleaves phophatidyl inositil (PIP) into second messengers: IP3 and DAG

37
Q

IP3 releases Ca++ from where and what does Ca++ do?

A

Released from ER, regulates smooth muscle contraction

38
Q

DAG activates which protein and what does it do?

A

Enxyme protein kinase C- promotes cell division and proliferation

39
Q

What are CREB proteins?

A

Transcription factors that can produce long term changes in the functions of ion channels

40
Q

How is cAMP involved in CREB activation?

A

cAMP activates Protein kinase A (PKA) which phosyphorylates CREB
(other pathways are responsible as well)

41
Q

What is meant by up and down regulation?

A

The way cAMP-activated proteins interact with regulatory TF on DNA to up or down regulate gene expression- effects last for days

Organ Systems Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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