Ionizing Radiation Flashcards
: Anything that has mass and occupies a space
Matter
The _____ is the basic unit of all matter
atom
: Protons + Neutrons
Nucleus
▪Number of protons
▪Same as #of electrons in a neutral atom
▪Determines the identity of the atom
▪Example: Ca has 20 protons (Atomic number is 20)
Atomic Number (Z)
▪Number of protons + neutrons
Atomic mass (A)
What is the name of the closest electron shell to the nucleus?
K shell
The amount of energy required to remove an electron from its shell
Measured in electron Volts (eV)
Related to atomic binding
Binding energy
If Z is high, there are more protons thus electrons are more _____ bound
Tightly bound
Within an atom, inner or outer shells are more tightly bound?
Inner shells
Process of forming a positive and negative ion by removal of an electron from a neutral atom
Ionization
To ionize an atom, we need sufficient external energy to overcome the _____ and free electron
Binding energy
_____ is the transmission of energy through space and matter; may occur in 2 forms: Wave and quantum theory
Radiation
____ theory explains the propagation of radiation
Wave theory
____ theory explains the interaction of radiation with matter
Quantum theory
Propagation of radiation in form of waves (no mass)
Movement of energy through space as a combination of electric and magnetic fields.
Electromagnetic radiation (Wave theory)
______ Electromagnetic radiation Does not have sufficient energy to eject an electron from the shells
Non-ionizing eg radiation
______ Electromagnetic radiation Have sufficient energy to eject an electron from the shells
ionizing eg radiaiton
: Distance between two successive crests
Wavelength
Number of wavelength passing a particular point in time
Frequency:
Speed of light (velocity)= ____ x _____
Frequency x Wavelength
_____ theory of radiation:
Considers radiation as small discrete bundles of energy called photons.
Quantum theory
Energy = _____/______ (quantum theory)
1.24/wavelength
Rate of loss of energy from a particle as it moves through matter
▪Depends on velocity, charge and size.
Linear energy transfer (LET)
Greater LET is produced how in relation to velocity, charge, and size?
Low Velocity
Higher charge
Bigger size
weightless packages of pure energy (photons) without an electrical charge which travel in waves with a specific frequency and wavelength at the speed of light (3x108m/sec) and are able to ionize matter.
X-rays
Properties of ____:
- Invisible, weightless, no electric charge
- Travels in straight lines.X-ray beam diverges over distance.
- Travels at the speed of light
- Highly penetrating (short wavelengths)0.01 nm to 0.1 nm
- Differentially absorbed by matter
- Can ionize matter
- Produce biological changes
X-rays
When transferred energy is not sufficient to overcome binding energy, e- is not ejected
Excitation
▪Receiving e-is raised to higher energy level within the orbit. Instantaneously gives up this excess energy and returns to ground level
Excitation
