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Chemistry for Clinical Sciences > Ionic Bonding > Flashcards

Ionic Bonding Flashcards

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1
Q

How are ionic bonds formed?

A

When one or more electrons are fully transferred between atoms

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2
Q

What kind of atoms does it occur between?

A

Metal and non-metal

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3
Q

What happens to the metal atoms in ionic bonding?

A

Try to attain the structure of a noble gas by losing electrons to form positive ions (cations)

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4
Q

What happens to non-metal atoms in ionic bonding?

A

Try to attain the structure of a noble gas by gaining electrons to form negative ions (anions)

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5
Q

What kind of attraction occurs between positive and negative ions in an ionic bond?

A

Electrostatic attraction

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6
Q

Describe the energy change in the formation of an ionic bond compared to the two isolated atoms

A

Decreases

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7
Q

What is the Octet rule?

A

Atoms tend to adjust their valence shells to 8 electrons by losing, gaining or sharing electrons

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8
Q

What are the exceptions to the Octet rule?

A
  1. Transition elements using d-orbitals obey the 18 electron rule instead
  2. Other elements with d-orbitals can accommodate more than 8 electrons
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9
Q

Describe the formation of an ionic bond

A
  • Formation of ions: electrons transferred between metal and non-metal, one atom loses electrons and one atom gains electrons
  • Electrostatic attraction between opposite charges
  • Formation of an ionic compound
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10
Q

What is the definition of isoelectronic?

A

Two molecules/ atoms with the same number of valence electrons

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11
Q

What are the properties of an ionic bond?

A
  • Non-directional
  • Broken when compounds dissolve in polar solvents
  • Structure breaks down when the compound is melted (conducts electricity when melted or in solution)
  • Ionic compounds are not charged overall
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12
Q

How does an ionic lattice form?

A

Every ion is attracted to all other ions with the opposite charge, resulting in a repeating 3D pattern of anions and cations

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13
Q

What is enthalpy of formation?

A

Forming one mole of the ionic solid from its gaseous ions (measures bond strength)

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14
Q

What are the factors favouring ionic bonding?

A
  • Easy cation formation
  • Easy anion formation
  • Large electronegativity difference between combining atoms
  • High lattice energy of ionic compound
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15
Q

What is the trend between size positive charge of the ion and the size?

A

As the positive charge increases, the ion size decreases as the electrons can be pulled towards the positive nucleus more tightly

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16
Q

What is the trend between size of negative charge of the ion and the size?

A

As the charge of the ion gets more negative (electrons are added) the size of the ion increases because electron-electron repulsion increases causing the electron cloud to get bigger

17
Q

What is polarisation?

A

Distortion of the electron cloud of an atom

18
Q

What is polarising power?

A

An ions ability to distort the electron cloud of another atom

19
Q

What happens to the polarising power as an atom decreases in size and its charge increases

A

Increases

20
Q

What happens to the polarisability as an atom increases in size and its charge becomes more negative

A

Increases

21
Q

Do cations or anions have more polarising power?

A

Cations (as they are smaller)

22
Q

Are cations or anions more polarisable?

A

Anions

23
Q

What is an ideal ionic compound?

A

Composed of completely separate spherical ions

24
Q

What does polarisation result in?

A

Non-spherical ions and covalent character in the bond (stronger interaction on one side of the ion)

25
Q

What do Fajan’s rules predict?

A

If there’s likely to be some covalent character in the bonding

26
Q

How do we know if an ionic compound is likely to have some covalent character?

A
  • The cation is small and/ or has a high charge

- The anion is large and/ or has a high charge

27
Q

What is a polyatomic ions?

A

Ions that are made up of more than one type of atom

28
Q

What type of bonding is present between polyatomics?

A

Covalent and the number of electrons means the group has an overall charge (so can form ionic bonds)

29
Q

What are examples of important ions in the body and their function?

A
  • Sodium and Potassium ions: signalling, producing electric currents required for nerve transmission and therefore muscle function
  • Hydrogen ions: control of acid-base function and pH balance
  • Phosphate ions: ATP synthesis
  • Calcium Phosphate ions: skeleton

Chemistry for Clinical Sciences (4 decks)

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