Ionic and Covalent Bonding Flashcards
Aligned with Kognity
What is salt? What is the ratio of its componenets? What bonds hold it together?
Despite its long and varied history, salt is a simple compound – equal numbers of sodium particles and chlorine particles held together by ionic bonds.
What is the name of the force which occurs in a chemical bond? How does the force work?
Electrostatic force is correct. When atoms bond, the electrostatic force between positive and negative particles strongly attracts them so they bond together.
Compounds are formed when elements bond together in chemical…
reactions
When does ionic bonding occur?
Ionic bonding occurs only between metal and non-metal atoms.
Do metal atoms gain of loose electrons to obtain a full valence shell?
A metal atom always loses electrons to obtain a full outermost shell of electrons.
What does this dot-cross diagram show about Na^+
(Figure
A dot-and-cross diagram showing how a sodium atom is transformed into a sodium ion.
What is the charge of the Group 1 ions?
The Group I elements all form ions with one single positive charge.
What is ionisation?
Ionization is the process by which electrically neutral atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons, resulting in the formation of charged particles called ions.
What is the naming convention regarding one-element anions? Provide examples.
One-element anions always have an
-ide ending. Oxygen atoms become oxide ions; sulfur atoms become sulfide ions.
Explain how this dot and cross diagram works. (Figure 3, Science C2.4 and C2.5 reading block: ionic and covalent bonding)
We use ‘dots’ to represent the outermost electrons of one element, and a ‘cross’ to represent the electron which has come from the other element, in this case, a metal. The overall charge is given on the outside of the bracket.
Which statement is true?
Non-metal atoms gain electrons to obtain a full outermost shell.
Non-metal atoms loose electrons to obtain a full outermost shell.
Non-metal atoms have several electrons in the outermost shell. They gain electrons to obtain a full outermost shell.
What’s the name of the force holding positively and negatively charged particles together?
Positively charged particles and negatively charged particles have very strong attractive forces between them, known as strong electrostatic forces.
What is a dot and cross diagram?
A method to demonstrate the electronic configuration of ions and compounds.
Define a giant lattice structure.
Three dimensional structures in which the positive and negative ions of ionic compounds are held together by strong electrostatic forces. The lattice is held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction, acting in all directions.
What do the numbers on this diagram represent? (Figure 4 - More complex Ionic Bonds)
We always write the charges on the top right-hand corner. If two or more of a particular ion are needed, the number can be written before the diagram for that ion, or after it in the bottom right-hand corner (as in Figure 4 - more complex Ionic Bonds)
Which statement about ionic bonding is correct?
Positive and negative ions attract in all directions to make a giant three-dimensional lattice.
Define melting point.
The melting point is the temperature to which a solid is heated to become a liquid.
Define boiling point.
The boiling point is the temperature to which a liquid is heated to become a gas.
The higher the temperature, the more energy is needed to separate the ions and turn them either from a solid state to a liquid state or from a liquid state to a gaseous state.
A higher charge means a stronger electrostatic force of attraction, which means more (thermal) energy is required to break the bonds and turn the substance into a liquid.
Do ionic compounds conduct electricity as solids?
Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity as solids
Are ionic compounds good conductors when heated.
Ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity when heated strongly to become molten liquids
What happens to ionic compounds when they’re dissolved in water - regarding electricity?
Ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity when dissolved in water.
When we melt an ionic compound, we need to separate the ions to change its state from a solid to a liquid.
If the ions are unable to move, solid ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity.
Conduction of electricity occurs when charged articles are able to move freely and carry the charge throughout the substance.
Study Note 1
When you explain why ionic compounds conduct as a molten liquid, or in solution, remember to say that the ions can carry a charge throughout the liquid. It is important to realise that conduction is not local but happens throughout the liquid.
Create a flashcard for the extended C2.4
Electrostatic forces of attraction between alternating oppositely charged ions act in all directions to make a giant three-dimensional lattice.
The lattice is a regular arrangement of alternating positive and negative ions.
Ions of metallic elements and non-metallic elements can be represented using dot and cross diagrams.
Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points because lots of energy is needed to separate the ions in the solid.
Lots of energy is needed to separate ions because the electrostatic forces holding the ions together in the lattice are strong.
Ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in solution, because the ions are free to move and carry a charge through the liquid/solution.
Solid ionic compounds are poor conductors of electrical conductivity because the ions are unable to move in a solid.
Covalent bonding occurs when two or more non-metal atoms bond together. Non-metals are found at the top-right hand corner of the Periodic Table (Figure 1).
Both of the atoms involved in sharing electrons must share the same number of electrons.
The number of electrons shared is equal to the number of electrons needed to make the outermost shell full.
If two different atoms are involved in the covalent bond, the smallest number of electrons needed are shared.
Which statement is true? Covalent bonding is between non-metallic elements.
Convalent bonding is between metallic elements.
Covalent bonding is between non-metallic elements.
Which statement is true? Ionic bonding occurs between metals. Ionic bonding occurs between a metal and a non-metal.
Ionic bonding occurs between a metal and a non-metal.
Are the boiling points of simple convalently bonded molecules high or low?
Simple covalently bonded molecules have low boiling points, whereas ionic substances have high boiling points.
Define a macromolecule.
A giant molecule created by atoms covalently bonded to one another.
What is the mohs scale?
A scale that ranks the hardness of naturally occuring minerals from 1 to 10. 1 is talc, the softest material. 10 is diamond, the hardest material.
What is an allotrope?
Alternative forms of an elemental substance. For example, diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon.
