Ion Levels and Other Final Crap

Question 1

Normal sodium blood concentration

Answer 1

135-145 mmol/L

Question 2

Normal calcium blood concentration

Answer 2

2.1-2.8 mmol/L

Question 3

Normal potassium blood concentration

Answer 3

~3.5-5.0 mmol/L

Question 4

Normal chloride blood concentration

Answer 4

95-105 mmol/L

Question 5

Normal blood pH

Answer 5

7.35-7.45 mmol/L

Question 6

Normal blood paCO2

Answer 6

35-45 mmHg

Question 7

Normal HCO3- blood concentration

Answer 7

22-26 mEq/L

Question 8

Normal blood paO2

Answer 8

80-100 mmHg

Question 9

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 9

pH<7.35
H+ concentration high
HCO3- lost in urine
paO2 and paCO2 levels are within normal range

Question 10

Respiratory acidosis

Answer 10

pH45 mmHg
paO2<80 mmHg
Caused by hypoventilation

Question 11

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 11

pH>7.45
H+ concentration low
HCO3- levels high 
paCO2 levels normal
paO2 levels normal

Question 12

Respiratory alkalosis

Answer 12

pH>7.45
H+ concentration low
HCO3- levels normal
paCO2<35 mmHg
paO2 levels normal
Caused by hyperventilation

Question 13

Kidney Clearance Equation

Answer 13

C=(UV)/P
C is clearance
U is urine concentration
V is urinary output
P is plasma concentration

Question 14

Glomerulus
What drives fluid through?
What can and can’t filter through?

Answer 14

Filters blood
Fluid driven by hydrostatic pressure
Small particles (Water, urea, glucose, sodium, chloride, etc.) can filter through
Large particles (albumin, myoglobin, RBC, etc.) cannot filter through.

Question 15

Macula densa cells (location and function)

Answer 15

Found in distal tubule

Monitor urine production and send feedback to kidney

Question 16

Granular cells (function)

Answer 16

Monitor blood pressure and trigger production of renin by kidney

Question 17

Proximal tubule (function)
Active or passive processes?

Answer 17

60% of sodium (and water) reabsorbed here
Also reabsorbs glucose
Active processes pump sodium into interstitiam to drive water out of descending loop

Question 18

Descending loop of Henle

general urine concentration

Answer 18

Continues to pump sodium and water out

Urine becomes more concentrated as you move down descending loop

Question 19

Ascending loop of Henle

Answer 19

Pumps salts out of urine, urine becomes less concentrated

Question 20

Distal Tubule

In certain scenarios, what acts here?

Answer 20

Final site of sodium and water reabsorption

Aldosterone acts here to increase reabsorption of Na+ and H2O to decrease urine output

Question 21

Collecting Duct

Unique feature and what acts on it

Answer 21

ADH causes aquaporins to come to surface of membrane and reabsorb water

Question 22

A-type Kidney Cells

Answer 22

get rid of H+ ions by pumping them into primary urine

Question 23

B-type Kidney Cells

Answer 23

Pump out bicarbonate into urine, pump H+ ions into blood

Question 24

Malpighian tubules (in insects)

Answer 24

Take in water and salts from hemocoel and deposit them in GI tract to be excreted through the anus (hehehe)

Question 25

Goblet cells (function)

Answer 25

Secrete mucous

Question 26

Chief cells (function)

Answer 26

secrete pepsinogen

Question 27

Parietal cells (function)

Answer 27

secrete HCl

Question 28

Gastrin
Origin
function

Answer 28

comes from stomach and duodenum
triggered by thought of food
triggers HCl production and secretion; stimulates gastric motility

Question 29

CCK
origin
funciton

Answer 29

from upper small intestine

causes contraction of gall bladder (release of bile salts) and pancreatic juice secretion

Question 30

Secretin
origin
function

Answer 30

from duodenum
targets pancreas, secretory cells, and muscles of stomach
water and NaHCO3- secretion; inhibition of gastric motility

Question 31

Secretin and CCK have a ______ effect when released together.

Answer 31

Synergistic