Exam 3 Hormones Flashcards
Juvenile Hormone
keeps insects in juvenile stage
n-Ecdysone
turns into beta ecdysone in tissues
triggers molting to go through 1st n, 2nd n, 3rd n, then pupa
FSH
stimulates the production of follicle
Follicles
produce estrogen (estrogen then thickens endometrial? (sorry, couldn’t read it…) lining. Follicles then rupture, leaving the corpus luteum
progesterone
Made by the corpus luteum, targets uterus, mammary glands, causes shedding of the endometrial lining(with estrogen)/maintains uterine secretions/stimulates mammary duct formation (ALSO WHERE PERIODS COME FROM)
Chorionic gonadotropin
Produced if follicle is implanted into lining, continues the production of progesterone and estrogen to keep endometrial lining and fetus developing
estradiol (everyone’s favorite)
a steriod from ovarian follicle, corpus luteum, and adrenal cortex. Targets most tissues, used to promote development of female characteristics and behaviors (crazy lady syndrome); oocyte maturation and uterine proliferation. Promotes FSH and LH to stimulate seratonin
Testosterone
steroid from testes (leydig cells), adrenal cortex; targets most tissues. Promotes male development/characteristics, increased LH stimulates secretion
oxytocin
nonapeptide from posterior pituitary; targets mammary glands, uterus, promotes smooth muscle contraction to eject milk, cervical distention and suckling stimulates, high progesterone inhibits
Prolactin (PL)
peptide from anterior pituitary, targets mammary cells (alveolar cells) to increase sysnthesis of milk proteins and growth of mammary glands, increase maternal behavior. Normally blocked by PL-ihibiting hormone (PIH), increased estrogen stops blocking
Sertoli
spermatogenesis
Leydig cells
site of testosterone proliferation
GnRH
stimulates FSH production, which stimulates estrogen and progesterone production. High levels of estrogen and progesterone block GnRH from binding
ADH (vasopressin)
nonapeptide from posterior pituitary, targets kidneys to increase water absorption, released in the presence of increased plasma osmotic or decreased blood volume
Calcitonin
peptide from thyroid, targets bones and kidneys to slow down release of Ca 2+ from bone and increase Ca2+/PO43- renal excretion. Increased plasma Ca2+ concentration stimulates release
Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
Steroid from adrenal cortex, promotes Na reabsorption from urinary filtrate (stimulated by angiotensin II release)
Parathryoid homrone (PTH)
peptide from parathryoid gland, targets bones/kidneys/intestines to increase Ca release from bone (and like calcitonin) increase Ca2+/PO43- renal excretion. Decreased Ca plasma levels stimulates production. Absorbed from GI tract from external sources
Glucagon
peptide from pancreas(alpha cells), targets liver/adipose tissues, stimulates glycogenolysis and release of glucose from liver; promotes lipolysis (fatty reduction). Increase secretion with low glucose serum, somatonstation inhibits release
Glucocortocoids (cortisol) (what we feel now)
steroid from adrenal cortex, targets liver/adipose tissue to increase blood sugar from stimulation of amino acids from muscles and gluconeogenesis in liver; increases transfer of fatty acids form adipose tissue to liver/exhibit anti-inflammatory action. Physiological stress increases secretion (working out) increases secretion; circadian clock via CRH and ACTH controls diurnal changes in secretion
Growth Hormone (GH)
peptide from anterior pituitary, targets all tissues, increases RNA and protein synthesis, promotes tissue growth; increase glucose/amino acid transport into cells, increases lipolysis and antibody formation. Reduced plasma glucose and increased plasma amino acid levels stimulate release via GRH, somatostatin inhibits
Insulin
peptide from beta cells in pancreas (opposite for glucagon), targets all non-neuronal tissues to increase glucose and amino acid uptake by cells; inhibited by somatostatin, stimulated by high plasma glucose and amino acid levels and the presence of glucagon
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
catecholamine from adrenal medulla (chromaffin cells), targets most tissues; increases cardiac activity, glycolysis, hyperglycemia, and lipolysis, induces vasoconstriction; sympathetic stimulation via splanchnic nerves increases secretion
Thyroxine
Tyrosine derivative from thyroid that targets most cells, but especially muscle, heart, liver, and kidney to increase metabolic rate, thermogenesis, growth, and development; promotes amphibian metamorphosis. TSH induces release
Medulla
makes norepinephrine and epinephrine, the dopamine precursor to norepinephrine, neuroendocrine in origin
Disorders of anterior pituitary
GH-can be overexpressed by benign tumor
Gigantism
overexpression of GH before puberty occurs (like andre the giant)
Acromegaly {Sherry :( }
overexpression of GH after puberty occurs, stimulates IGF-1 in liver with NO NEGATIVE FEEDBACK (tumor blocks IGF-3 negative feedback)
Symptoms-overgrowth of bones and soft tissues (grow harder and thicker since longer isn’t an option); Visual disturbances and HA from pressure of tumor; hyperglycemia; predisposed to atherosclerosis.
Untreated-causes angina, HTN, left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomegaly
Treatment: removal of tumor through transphenoidal approach;
Treatment: Hypophysectomy - removal of entire gland with lifetime hormone replacement
*CSF leaking possible - test for it by looking for glucose in mucus
Hypopituitorism
decrease of one or more pituitary hormones (posterior pituitary-ADH, Oxytocin) (anterior pituitary-ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, GH, and prolactin)
Causes-tumors(most common), infections, autoimmune disorders, pituitary infarction (Sheehan’s syndrome), end-organ failure
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH) [super creative naming strategy here]
overproduction of ADH leading to: increase water reasorption, increase intravascular fluid volume (edema, that skin discoloration you sometimes seen in the elderly), (dilutional hyponatremia and decreased serum osmolarity), concentrated urine, decreased renal function (dialysis to treat)
Diabetes insipidus
deficiency of production or secretion of ADH OR decreased renal response to ADH. Increased urine production leading to dehydration and fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Thyroid Gland Disorders
Too much production of these leads to hypermetabolism
Goiters
Lacking I- in diet or infection, enlargement of thyroid coming from too much TSH
Thyroid grows larger to seek iodine in blood
Hyperthyroidism
can lead to hypercalcemia.
Exophthalmos
hyperthyroidism leads to buildup of fat behind eyes, leading to protrusion of eyeballs from orbits
Hypothyroidism
Lowering of metabolism; sluggish, unable to respond to stress, can lead to cretinism (short stature and delayed mental acuity)
Adrenal Cortex Disorders
An increase in sodium absorption can drive a decrease in potassium absorption
Cushing’s syndrome
Too much corticosteroid (cortisol), leads to fat deposits, stretch marks, bloating, acne, muscle degradation
Addison’s Disease
lethargic, anemic, depression and delusions, bronzed looking skin and gums: result of hyperpigmentation of neck, face, nipples, genitals
hypernatremia and dehydration
Corticosteroid imbalances
weakness and muscle atrophy, delayed healing; taking steroids for more than a week can permanently shut down adrenal gland, leading to decreased bone strength
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Pituitary hormone
Targets the thyroid gland
Glycoprotein
increases synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones
TRH induces secretion; thyroid hormones and somatostatin slows release
Luteininzing Hormone (LH)
Pituitary hormone
Glycoprotein
Targets ovarian interstitial cells (in females); targets testicular interstitial cells (in males)
In females: induces final maturation of ovarian follicles, estrogen secretion, ovulation, corpus luteum formation, and progesterone secretion
In males: increases synthesis and secretion of androgens
GnRH stimulates release; inhibin and steroid sex hormones inhibit release
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Pituitary hormone
Glycoprotein
Targets ovarian follicles (in females); increases sperm production (in males)
GnRH stimulates release; inhibin and sex hormones inhibit release
Adrenocoricotropic hormone (ACTH)
Pituitary hormone
peptide
Targets adrenal cortex
Increases synthesis and secretion of steroid hormones by adrenal cortex
Corticol releasing hormone (CRH) stimulates release; ACTH slows release of CRH
Somatostatin (GH inhibiting hormon [GIH])
Hypothalamus neurohormone
peptide
Inhibits release of GH and many other hormones (TSH, insulin, glucagon)
Exercise induces secretion; hormone is rapidly inactivated in body tissue
Prolactin (inhibiting hormone)
Hypothalamus neurohormone
amine
Inhibits prolactin release
High levels of prolactin increases secretion; estrogen, testosterone, and neuronal stimuli (suckling) inhibit secretion
MSH inhibiting hormone
Hypothalamus neurohormone
peptide
inhibits MSH release
melatonin stimulates secretion
TSH releasing hormone
Hypothalamus neurohormone
peptide
stimulates TSH release and prolactin release
Low body temp induces secretion; thyroid hormone inhibits secretion
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Hypothalamus neurohormone
peptide
stimulates release of FSH and LH
In males: low blood testosterone levels stimulates secretion
In females: neuronal input and decreased estrogen levels stimulate hormone
high blood FSH and LH inhibits secretion
GH-releasing hormone
Hypothalamus neurohormone
Peptide
stimulates GH release
Hypoglycemia stimulates secretion
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Hypothalamus neurohormone
Peptide
Stimulates ACTH release
Stressful neuronal input increases secretion; ACTH inhibits secretion
Estrogen
Increased estrus and female secondary sexual characteristics; prepares reproductive system for fertilization and ovum implantation
Angiotensin II
Increases vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion
Increases thirst and fluid ingestion
Created from plasma angiotensinogen
Müllerian regression factor
Increases Müllerian duct regression (atrophy) in males
Secreted by Sertoli cells
Inhibin
Secreted by Sertoli cells
Lowers pituitary FSH secretion
Testosterone
Secreted by Leydig cells
increases male sexual development and behavior
Placental lactogen
Secreted by placenta
Increases Fetal growth and development
increases mammary gland development in mother
Chorionic gonadotropin
secreted by placenta
increases progesterone synthesis by corpus luteum
Melatonin
Secreted by pineal gland
Decreases gonadal development
Relaxin
Secreted by corpus luteum
Increases relaxation of pubic symphysis and dilation of uterine cervix
Eryhtropoietin
Secreted by kidneys
Increases production of red blood cells
Renin
Secreted by kidneys
increases conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin II
Calcitriol
Secreted by kidneys
increases blood calcium levels, bone formation, and intestinal absorption of calcium and phophate
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Secreted by atria as a response to atrial stretching
Increases salt and water excretion by kidney to lower blood pressure
Gastrin
Secreted by GI tract
increases gastric acid (HCl) secretion
Secretin
Secreted by GI tract
increases bicarbonate secretion by pancreatic acinar cells
Substance P
Secreted by GI tract
enteric neurotransmitter
CCK
Secreted by GI tract
Increases secretion and enzymes by pancreas acinar cell
Increases gallbladder contraction
Cortisol and corticortisone
Secreted by adrenal cortex
Increases carbohydrate metabolism and sympathetic function
Enclosion hormone
In insects, stimulates enclosure of pupa to become adult
Melanocyte
produced by para intermedia (between anterior and posterior pituitary)
