Exam 3 Hormones Flashcards
Juvenile Hormone
keeps insects in juvenile stage
n-Ecdysone
turns into beta ecdysone in tissues
triggers molting to go through 1st n, 2nd n, 3rd n, then pupa
FSH
stimulates the production of follicle
Follicles
produce estrogen (estrogen then thickens endometrial? (sorry, couldn’t read it…) lining. Follicles then rupture, leaving the corpus luteum
progesterone
Made by the corpus luteum, targets uterus, mammary glands, causes shedding of the endometrial lining(with estrogen)/maintains uterine secretions/stimulates mammary duct formation (ALSO WHERE PERIODS COME FROM)
Chorionic gonadotropin
Produced if follicle is implanted into lining, continues the production of progesterone and estrogen to keep endometrial lining and fetus developing
estradiol (everyone’s favorite)
a steriod from ovarian follicle, corpus luteum, and adrenal cortex. Targets most tissues, used to promote development of female characteristics and behaviors (crazy lady syndrome); oocyte maturation and uterine proliferation. Promotes FSH and LH to stimulate seratonin
Testosterone
steroid from testes (leydig cells), adrenal cortex; targets most tissues. Promotes male development/characteristics, increased LH stimulates secretion
oxytocin
nonapeptide from posterior pituitary; targets mammary glands, uterus, promotes smooth muscle contraction to eject milk, cervical distention and suckling stimulates, high progesterone inhibits
Prolactin (PL)
peptide from anterior pituitary, targets mammary cells (alveolar cells) to increase sysnthesis of milk proteins and growth of mammary glands, increase maternal behavior. Normally blocked by PL-ihibiting hormone (PIH), increased estrogen stops blocking
Sertoli
spermatogenesis
Leydig cells
site of testosterone proliferation
GnRH
stimulates FSH production, which stimulates estrogen and progesterone production. High levels of estrogen and progesterone block GnRH from binding
ADH (vasopressin)
nonapeptide from posterior pituitary, targets kidneys to increase water absorption, released in the presence of increased plasma osmotic or decreased blood volume
Calcitonin
peptide from thyroid, targets bones and kidneys to slow down release of Ca 2+ from bone and increase Ca2+/PO43- renal excretion. Increased plasma Ca2+ concentration stimulates release
Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
Steroid from adrenal cortex, promotes Na reabsorption from urinary filtrate (stimulated by angiotensin II release)
Parathryoid homrone (PTH)
peptide from parathryoid gland, targets bones/kidneys/intestines to increase Ca release from bone (and like calcitonin) increase Ca2+/PO43- renal excretion. Decreased Ca plasma levels stimulates production. Absorbed from GI tract from external sources
Glucagon
peptide from pancreas(alpha cells), targets liver/adipose tissues, stimulates glycogenolysis and release of glucose from liver; promotes lipolysis (fatty reduction). Increase secretion with low glucose serum, somatonstation inhibits release
Glucocortocoids (cortisol) (what we feel now)
steroid from adrenal cortex, targets liver/adipose tissue to increase blood sugar from stimulation of amino acids from muscles and gluconeogenesis in liver; increases transfer of fatty acids form adipose tissue to liver/exhibit anti-inflammatory action. Physiological stress increases secretion (working out) increases secretion; circadian clock via CRH and ACTH controls diurnal changes in secretion
Growth Hormone (GH)
peptide from anterior pituitary, targets all tissues, increases RNA and protein synthesis, promotes tissue growth; increase glucose/amino acid transport into cells, increases lipolysis and antibody formation. Reduced plasma glucose and increased plasma amino acid levels stimulate release via GRH, somatostatin inhibits
Insulin
peptide from beta cells in pancreas (opposite for glucagon), targets all non-neuronal tissues to increase glucose and amino acid uptake by cells; inhibited by somatostatin, stimulated by high plasma glucose and amino acid levels and the presence of glucagon
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
catecholamine from adrenal medulla (chromaffin cells), targets most tissues; increases cardiac activity, glycolysis, hyperglycemia, and lipolysis, induces vasoconstriction; sympathetic stimulation via splanchnic nerves increases secretion
Thyroxine
Tyrosine derivative from thyroid that targets most cells, but especially muscle, heart, liver, and kidney to increase metabolic rate, thermogenesis, growth, and development; promotes amphibian metamorphosis. TSH induces release
Medulla
makes norepinephrine and epinephrine, the dopamine precursor to norepinephrine, neuroendocrine in origin
Disorders of anterior pituitary
GH-can be overexpressed by benign tumor
Gigantism
overexpression of GH before puberty occurs (like andre the giant)
Acromegaly {Sherry :( }
overexpression of GH after puberty occurs, stimulates IGF-1 in liver with NO NEGATIVE FEEDBACK (tumor blocks IGF-3 negative feedback)
Symptoms-overgrowth of bones and soft tissues (grow harder and thicker since longer isn’t an option); Visual disturbances and HA from pressure of tumor; hyperglycemia; predisposed to atherosclerosis.
Untreated-causes angina, HTN, left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomegaly
Treatment: removal of tumor through transphenoidal approach;
Treatment: Hypophysectomy - removal of entire gland with lifetime hormone replacement
*CSF leaking possible - test for it by looking for glucose in mucus
Hypopituitorism
decrease of one or more pituitary hormones (posterior pituitary-ADH, Oxytocin) (anterior pituitary-ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, GH, and prolactin)
Causes-tumors(most common), infections, autoimmune disorders, pituitary infarction (Sheehan’s syndrome), end-organ failure
