Investment Planning Flashcards
Define margin
the process of pledging securities in your brokerage account for a loan from your brokerage firm.
what is used as collateral in a margin account
underlying securities
Minimum federal stock initial margin requirement
50%
Minimum federal maintenance margin requirements
25%
Formula for a margin call
Example of Calculating the margin call price when the initial purchase price is $10
when is the multi stage dividend discount model used
in situations where a dividend-paying security has a temporary expected growth rate that changes to a stabilized rate for constant growth
Dividend growth rate formula
D1= (D0 x (1+g))
D2= (D1 x (1+g))
D3= (D2 x (1+g))
Steps to calculating multi stage discount dividend model
Step 1: calculate the YE dividends for x amt of years at 1st dividend growth rate. Step 2 calculate the stock valuation years 3 based on the new, constant dividend growth rate. Step 3: solve for NPV
Final dividend amount for dividend discount model
The final dividend at the initial growth rate (Step 1) is used in the Constant Growth Dividend Discount Model (Step 2) with the new (constant) growth rate.
equation to calculate a sustainable growth rate
b x ROE where b is the retention rate and ROE is return on equity
when do margin calls end up being an inescapable spiral
volatile and negative markets
who pays the premium to enter into an options contract
the buy of the contract
how many shares do contracts cover of the underlying stock
100 shares
what is a call in a favorable position
when MP > EP
what is a put in a favorable position
when MP < EP
when as the option considered “at the money”
when MP = EP
what does the options clearing corporation (OCC) eliminate in an options contract?
counterparty risk
what are bullish moves in options contracts?
buying/holding call options; sellinging/writing puts
what are bearish moves in options contacts?
buy/holds puts; sell/writes calls
what makes time premium higher in an options contract?
Risk-free rate of return
Time to expiration
Variability of the underlying stock (as measured by standard deviation)
The greater any or all of the three variables above, the greater the time premium
when can intrinsic value be 0?
NEVER
Intrinsic Value for Call Options Formula
(COME) Call Option = Market Value - Exercise Price
Intrinsic Value for Put Options Formula
(POEM) Put Option = Exercise Price - Market Value
what two components make up the two parts of total premium in a stock option premium?
intrinsic value and time premium
When and how does time premium decrease?
it decreases as time goes on
Define covered call writing and what it is used for
Long the underlying stock - short the call
Only considered covered if you own enough shares to cover all contracts sold.
Sets a cieling on stock
Used to generate income for the portfolio.
Naked call writing
Does not own the underlying stock - short the call
Writer bears UNLIMITED risk
Protective put
Long the stock - long the put
This is the very essence of portfolio insurance.
puts a floor on stock price to min losses
is costly eventually
what is more expensive in general between puts vs calls?
puts