Investment Planning Flashcards

1
Q

Ranking of creditors

A

First Mortgage liabilities and asset backed securities

Secured debt

Unsecured debentures

Capital securities

Preferred shares

Common shares

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2
Q

Difference between bond and debentures

A

Bond has asset which acts as collateral whereas debenture does not

Interest rates are higher on debentures

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3
Q

Date of record (dividend)

A

Date that will determine which shareholders will receive dividend

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4
Q

Ex-dividend date?

A

Second business day before date of record and the date on which the shares start to trade on market without a right to dividend

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5
Q

Ex-dividend share?

A

Share without the right to the declared divididend

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6
Q

Cum-dividend share?

A

Share with the right to the dividend

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7
Q

Hedge funds risk drivers?

A

First order: systematic risk which affect directional strategies

Second order: leverage, default, deal break, trading, counterparty

Operational: relates to hedge fund as a business entity, they are new and usually dependent on superstar manager

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8
Q

Private equity types

A

Leveraged buyout: use debt to buy company

Mezzanine capital: financed by high yielding unsecured preferred equity or subordinated loans. Risk of default is highest and could pay high returns

Venture capital: financing new and untested companies. Venture tends to highly diversify portfolio given the high probability of default. Must have detailed exist strategy

Infrastructure: grown considerably large funding gaps have opened in repairing and building infrastructure across various countries. Includes roads, ports, airports and waterworks. Highly illiquid and long date.

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9
Q

Canada savings bonds

A

3 year term, regular interest or compound interest

Regular i, pays annually and you include interest income in your taxes

Compound i, not paid annually. Even though you don’t receive interest, still need to include yearly earned interest income in your taxes annually

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10
Q

Strip bonds

A

Bought at discount and mature at par value. Difference is considered as interest income

Bond equivalent yield is normal interest rate compounded semi annually.

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11
Q

Callable bond

A

Issuer has right to redeem bond prior to maturity after a period of time

Yield to call, is bond equivalent yield from purchase date until the anticipated call date

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12
Q

Puttable bond

A

Gives holder the option of redeeming bond for par value during a specific tome before maturity

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13
Q

Mortgage backed securities

A

Investment represents ownership of cash flow from group of mortgages.

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14
Q

Right (equity)

A

Opportunity to purchase a prescribed number of newly authorized shares in order to maintain proportional ownership of existing corporation

Often specific and short period of time

Exercise price usually set below market price

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15
Q

Warrant (equity)

A

Entitles holder to purchase a specified number of corporation’s common stock at a predetermined price for extended period of time

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16
Q

Redeemable preferred shares

A

Corporation can forcibly call, redeemable preferred shares. If so, shares are cancelled and replaced by cash payment.

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17
Q

Retractable preferred shares

A

Have a finite lifetime ending on a specified maturity date. On the maturity date, the corporation cancels the retractable preferred shares in return for a predetermined cash payment.

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18
Q

REITs benefits

A

Conservative leverage, most managers generally avoid development and invest in established income producing properties

Tax efficiency, pretax income flows to investors and investors can defer tax until the units are sold by lowers the REITs adjusted cost base

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19
Q

Land banking

A

Purchase or raw land outside urban area with the expectation that the urban area will expand

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20
Q

Brownfield development

A

Redevelopment of abandoned or underused commercial or industrial property generally in urban community

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21
Q

Redevelopment projects

A

Involves purchasing income producing properties with the longer term objective of redeveloping the propertied and increasing the income they generate

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22
Q

Mortgage syndications

A

Invest in higher risk mortgages that do not meet the criteria established by traditional lenders

Rates are much higher

Mortgage fund in specific project

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23
Q

Blind pools

A

Investors are presented with types of properties the pool mgmt intended to invest in however exact investments are unknown at the time of fund inception

24
Q

Mutual fund’s structures

A

Trust or Corporation
Diff. Timing of when capital gains are triggered

Trust structure: deemed disposition occurs when redemption or switch is made from the fund

Corporate class structure: deemed disposition will inly happen when the investor redeems money out of family of funds. Switching from one to another fund within family of funds will not trigger a deemed disposition.

25
Q

T-swip (ROC) funds

A

Funds that offer distributions in excess of average market returns to provide holders additional income

When returns fall short, return of capital makes up the difference thus lowering the investors ACB

26
Q

ETF features

A

Lower costs, passive

Transparency, investors are aware of all holdings on daily basis whereas mf disclose monthly or semi annual basis

Tax efficiency, less trading resulting fewer taxable events

Liquidity, trading done exchange with trading happening throughout the day

27
Q

Labour-sponsored venture capital corp/funds

A

Investors receive 15% federal tax credit upto investment amount of $5000

Some provinces also have 15% credit
=total upto 30%

Qualified for rrsp

Minimum holding period is 8 years

28
Q

Temporal balancing

A

Rebalancing portfolio back to target weights periodically. One drawback is it gets rebalanced regardless of market conditions

29
Q

Weight-based rebalancing

A

Rebalancing thresholds or trigger points that are a % of portfolio’ value

30
Q

Limit order

A

Instruct to complete transaction only when a particular price is reached

31
Q

Stop loss order

A

Sell if client’s securities price falls below specified level

32
Q

Momentum

A

Involves buying what bas increased in value over past few days, weeks or months in the hopes that the momentum will continue

33
Q

Contrarian

A

Buying what has been out of favour by investing community

34
Q

Characteristics of good benchmark

A

Investtable
Unambiguous composition
Appropriate
Attainable
Specified in advance
Objectively constructed
Easily measurable

35
Q

Dollar-weighted return

A

Measures performance of portfolio, based not only how well investment do but also the amount and timing of portfolio cash flow

It is internal rate of return

IIROC mandates use this

36
Q

Time-weighted return

A

Geometric linking of individual sub period returns. Total return in dollars that have been invested in the portfolio for entire period

You need value of portfolio on each day a cash flow occurs

37
Q

Duration

A

Approximate measure of bond’ price sensitivity to changes in interest rates

38
Q

Modified Duration

A

Measure of approximate percentage price change to 1% change in yield

Macaulay Duration / [1+y/k]
Y=yield
K=#of coupon payments per year

39
Q

Bond immunization

A

Minimize interest risk of bond by adjusting portfolio duration to match the investor’s investment time horizon

Goal is to have investor receive specific rate of return over given time regardless what happens to interest rate

40
Q

Standard deviation

A

Measures the extent to which returns vary from expected return

SD of portfolio depends on correlation coefficient as well

41
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Between two securities represents the strength of relationship between their returns

42
Q

Capital Asset Pricing Model

A

E(R_{i}) = R_{f}+\beta_{i}(E(R_{m})-R_{f})
E(R_{i}) = capital asset expected return
R_{f} = risk-free rate of interest
\beta_i = sensitivity
E(R_{m}) = expected return of the market

43
Q

Risk premium

A

Beta multiplied by expected return less risk free rate

44
Q

Beta

A

Measure of sensitivity of asset’ return to return on the market portfolio

Thus, beta is a measure of systematic risk

Risk free asset, beta is 0

If beta is higher than 1, systematic risk is higher than market’s

If beta is lower than 1, systematic risk is less than market’s

45
Q

Alpha

A

Measure of unsystematic risk

Measure of performance on risk adjusted basis

Excess return of a fund relative to return of benchmark index is fund’s alpha

If alpha is positive, there is expected return separate from that attributable to systemic risk

If negative, expected loss

46
Q

Jensen’s alpha

A

Qauntifies degree to which manager has added value relative to market given the portfolio’s systematic risk

Jp=Rp-[Rf+Bp(Rm-Rf)]
Jp=Rp-(capital asset pricing model)

47
Q

Treynor index

A

Risk is measured by beta

Tp=(Rp-Rf)/Bp

Useful for measuring the performance of one specific portfolio while holding assets in another portfolio

48
Q

Sharpe Index

A

Measures the excess average return per unit of total risk

Indicates whether product’s average return was greater or less than average risk free return.

Positive, return greater than risk free return

Negative, return less than risk free return

Sp=(Rp-Rf)/= σp

49
Q

Fisher equation

A

Depicts relationship between nominal rate, inflation and real rate

50
Q

Intrinsic value

A

If greater than current market price, stock is undervalued and would represent a good buy. Opposite is true as well

51
Q

Price elasticity

A

Measurement of change in quantity demanded when there is change in price

Inelastic, change in price is greater than change in quantity demanded

Elastic, change in quantity demanded is greater than change in price

52
Q

Inferior goods

A

Consumers will purchase less of as their income rises

53
Q

Veblen goods

A

As price increases, more units will be sold as these goods seen as luxury items or status symbols

54
Q

Liquidity ratios

A

Measures company’s ability to meet its short term obligations

Current ratio= current assets/current liabilities

Quick ratio=(cash+marketable securities+AR)/current liabilities

55
Q

Risk ratios

A

Determine how well company deals with debt obligations, including ability to service required debt payments and to assume more debt

Interest coverGe=EBIT/interest expense

Asset coverage=
[(assets-intangible assets)-(current liabilities-short term debt)]/ Total debt

56
Q

Operating performance ratio

A

Help determine a firm’s long run growth and survival prospects

Gross margin=sales less COGS

Net profit margin=profit as % if sales

Return on equity=net income/equity

57
Q

Value ratios

A

Gauge the market’s perception of value of company’ shares relative to its dividends, earnings or other measures such as equity value per common shares

Price to earnings ratio