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Introduction to Biomedicine > Investigation, Monitoring and Diagnosis of Disease > Flashcards

Investigation, Monitoring and Diagnosis of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood plasma made up of?

A
  • proteins (7%)
  • water (92%)
  • other solutes (1%)
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2
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A
  • platelets
  • leukocytes
  • erythrocytes
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3
Q

What proteins are in blood plasma?

A
  • albumins
  • globulins
  • fibrinogen
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4
Q

What are the 5 other solutes in blood plasma?

A
  • ions
  • nutrients
  • waste products
  • gases
  • regulatory substances
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5
Q

What are the 5 different leukocytes?

A
  • neutrophils
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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6
Q

What is the function of water in the blood plasma?

A

Maintains blood volume and transports molecules

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7
Q

What is the source of water in the blood plasma?

A

Absorbed from the intestine

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8
Q

What is the function of albumins in blood plasma?

A

Maintain blood volume and pressure and transport

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9
Q

What is the source of albumins in blood plasma?

A

Liver

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10
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen in blood plasma?

A

Clotting

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11
Q

What is the source of fibrinogen in blood plasma?

A

Liver

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12
Q

What is the function of globulins in blood plasma?

A

Transport and fighting infection

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13
Q

What is the source of globulins in blood plasma?

A

Liver and plasma cells

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14
Q

What is the function of salts in blood plasma?

A

Maintain blood osmotic pressure and pH and aiding metabolism

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15
Q

What is the source of salts in blood plasma?

A

Absorbed from intestinal villi

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16
Q

What is the function of oxygen in the blood plasma?

A

Cellular respiration

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17
Q

What is the source of oxygen in the blood plasma?

A

Lungs

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18
Q

What is the function of carbon dioxide in blood plasma?

A

End product of metabolism

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19
Q

What is the source of carbon dioxide in blood plasma?

A

Tissues

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20
Q

What 3 nutrients can be found in blood plasma?

A
  • fats
  • glucose
  • amino acids
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21
Q

What is the function of nutrients in the blood plasma?

A

Food for cells

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22
Q

What is the source of nutrients in blood plasma?

A

Absorbed from intestinal villi

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23
Q

What is the primary point exchange between blood and interstitial fluid?

A

Capillary

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24
Q

What is HE stain?

A

Hematoxylin and eosin stain

- used for medical diagnosis; stains basophilic structures blue-purple and eosinophilic structures pink

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25
What are granulocytes?
Leukocytes that contain coloured granules
26
Which 3 leukocytes are granulocytes?
- neutrophils - basophils - eosinophils
27
What are agranulocytes?
Leukocytes that lack coloured granules
28
Which 2 leukocytes are agranulocytes?
- lymphocytes | - monocytes
29
Which 2 illnesses show an increase in lymphocytes?
- tuberculosis | - whooping cough
30
Which type of infections show an increase in eosinophils?
Parasitic infections
31
Which 3 illness show an increase in monocytes?
- typhoid fever - malaria - mononucleosis
32
Which illness shows too few T helper cells?
AIDS
33
What are stem cells in the bone marrow an important precursor for?
Many formed components in the blood
34
What 3 points characterise a stem cell?
- divides indefinitely - replaces itself at each division - is capable of generating all of its derivative cell types
35
What are the 5 things a full blood count measures?
- number of white cells, red cells, platelets - classifies white blood cells - calculates red cell volume to give indication of size of red cells - haemoglobin (Hb) - red cell parameters
36
Name the 7 routine tests used in haematology
- full blood count (FBC) - erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR) - reticulocytes count - blood film - malaria parasites - cerebrospinal fluid cell count - bone marrow stain
37
What is blood morphology?
The study of the structure, number, and size of cells
38
How is morphology carried out?
Blood cells are spread one cell thick on a glass slide, stained, and examined under a microscope
39
Give the 4 reasons why a morphology slide might need to be looked at
- examination of the film will correct a misleading indication given by the blood counter - failed historical or clinical data checks - mandatory requirement for a film to be examined - clinical request is made
40
What are the 5 types of white blood cells?
- neutrophils - lymphocytes - monocytes - eosinophils - basophils
41
How does flow cytometry work?
1. Cells/particles pass through a flow cell in single file 2. Illuminated via a laser 3. Side scatter is used to look at granularity and forward scatter is red to look at size 4. The fluorescence is measured
42
Give 2 examples of why flow cytometry might be used
- to detect specific antigens on white blood cells | - to diagnose and monitor disease
43
What are the 3 main subsystems of flow cytometry?
- fluidics - optics - electronics
44
What does fluidics consist of in flow cytometry?
Introducing and focusing the cells for interrogation
45
What does optics consist of in flow cytometry?
Generating and collecting light signals
46
What does electronics consist of in flow cytometry?
Converting the optical signals to proportional digital signals, process the signals, and communicate with the computer
47
What are the two types of optics?
- excitation optics | - collection optics
48
What does excitation optics consist of?
- lasers | - fibre optic cables that carry beams to steering prisms, which then direct laser beams to the fluid stream
49
What does collection optics consist of?
- fibre optic cables that direct the emitted light to the appropriate emission block - filters that direct the signals in the emission block to the appropriate photomultiplier tube
50
What is erythropoiesis?
The making of red blood cells
51
What are the 6 substances needed for erythropoiesis?
- bone marrow microenvironment - growth factors - metals (iron, manganese, cobalt and zinc) - vitamins (B12, folate, vitamins: C, E, and B, thiamine, riboflavin) - amino acids - hormones (thyroxine, androgens)
52
What are the 2 sources of iron?
- breakdown of red blood cells | - diet
53
How is iron recycled from red blood cells?
Red blood cells broken down by macrophages in the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. The iron is recycled and returned to bone marrow
54
What is the main source of dietary iron?
Meat
55
How is iron transported to the bone marrow?
By transferrin
56
What two things can excess iron be stored as?
- ferritin | - haemosiderin
57
Give 5 reasons for iron deficiency
- blood loss - poor diet - gut malabsorption - increased demand e.g. pregnancy - anaemia of chronic disease (ACD)
58
Give 4 symptoms of anaemia
- angular stomatitis (swollen, red patches in the corners on the outside of lips) - painless glossitis (inflammation of the tongue ) - koilonychia (spoon nails) - unusual food cravings
59
How is vitamin B12 synthesised?
By microorganisms
60
What is the source of vitamin B12?
Foods of animal origin
61
Give 3 causes of B12 deficiency
- pernicious anaemia - diet e.g. vegans - gut malabsorption
62
Give 4 causes of folate deficiency
- diet - gut malabsorption - increased demand e.g. pregnancy - liver disease/alcohol
63
Give 8 symptoms of B12 deficiency
- anaemia - angular stomatitis - painful glossitis - cardiovascular disease - subacute combined degeneration cord - peripheral neuropathy e.g. tingly feet, poor balance - psychiatric symptoms - optic atrophy

Introduction to Biomedicine (3 decks)

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