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Introduction to Biomedicine > Grand Challenges > Flashcards

Grand Challenges Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Avirulent

A

not protect from the immune system (rough bacteria)

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2
Q

Define: Communicable disease

A

an infectious disease which is spread from one person to another

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3
Q

Define: Flora

A

the life found naturally present in a particular area, typically relating to plants or microbes

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4
Q

Define: Infectious disease

A

disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms

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5
Q

Define: Latent infection

A

viral DNA exists in the host but doesn’t replicate

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6
Q

Define: Lytic infection

A

virus replicates, destroys host cell, and releases virus

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7
Q

Define: Microbiome

A

the full complement of microbes, their genes, and genomes in a particular environment

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8
Q

Define: Microbiota

A

the microorganisms that live in an established environment

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9
Q

Define: Periplasm

A

space between membranes; found in gram negative cells

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10
Q

Define: Persistent infection

A

virus replicates and is released from host cell by budding out, the host cell is not destroyed

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11
Q

Define: Transformation infection

A

the virus converts the host cell into a tumour cell

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12
Q

Define: Virion

A

extracellular form which allows virus to travel between host cells, protects the genome, and proteins aid attachment to host cell

i.e. the physical virus particle

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13
Q

Define: Vaccination

A

deliberate exposure to a preparation from an infectious agent to induce immunity

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14
Q

Define: Virulent

A

protected from the immune system (smooth bacteria); extremely severe or harmful in its effects

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15
Q

Define: Virus

A

an infectious nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) surrounded by a protein; obligate intracellular parasite

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16
Q

Define: Zoonotic disease

A

infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans

17
Q

Name 4 transmission routes for infectious diseases

A

airborne, food/water, soil, direct contact, arthropods, animals

18
Q

Name the differences between Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria

A

Gram positive: several layers of peptidoglycan
Gram negative: thin layer of peptidoglycan
outer membrane made of lipopolysaccharide
space between the outer and inner
periplasm

19
Q

How can fungi benefit humans?

A

Antibiotics, fermentation e.g. yeast

20
Q

What is the transmission route for pneumonia?

A

Direct contact and air

21
Q

Where do most antibiotics come from?

A

Natural products: streptomyces, fungi, other bacteria

22
Q

How do antibiotics work?

A

antibiotics work by inhibiting essential machinery to bacteria:

  • protein synthesis
  • disrupting the cell envelope
  • nucleic acid biosynthesis
  • folic acid biosynthesis
23
Q

How does resistance work?

A

natural mutation or horizontal gene transfer

24
Q

What benefits do humans gain from normal flora? (5)

A

synthesise and excrete vitamins
prevent colonisation by pathogens
may antagonise other bacteria
stimulates the development of certain tissues
stimulates the production of cross-reactive antibodies

25
Q

How do humans acquire our resident gut flora?

A

from delivery
from feeding
from human contact

26
Q

What is the aim of the human microbiome project (HMP)?

A

to understand the differences in communities with differences in metabolic function and disease

27
Q

Name the main types of stem cells

A

embryonic stem cells, tissue stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, adult stem cells

28
Q

Define: Blastocyst

A

the ball of cells which has began to specialise on the outside and a cluster of cells on the inside

29
Q

Name the three layers that form during gastrulation

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

30
Q

Give 3 examples of adult stem cells

A

bone marrow, brain, blood vessels, testis, skin, gut

31
Q

How are inducible pluripotent stem cells formed?

A

reprogramming factors are introduced to somatic cells

32
Q

What proportion of people living today will develop cancer?

A

1 in 2

33
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for cancer?

A

Age

34
Q

Define: Angiogenesis

A

new blood vessel formation

35
Q

What cellular processes are triggered by age-related molecular damage?

A

cellular senescence
- the process of cumulative changes to molecular and cellular structure that disrupts metabolism with the passage of time

36
Q

What is telomerase?

A

cellular reverse transcriptase which adds DNA sequence repeats to the 3’ end of DNA at the ends of chromosomes
leads to degenerative traits

37
Q

Name 3 age related diseases

A

e.g. cardiovascular disease, dementia, colon cancer

38
Q

Name 3 laboratory model organisms used to study ageing

A

e.g. mice, yeast, fruit flies

39
Q

Inhibition of which signalling pathway extends lifespan?

A

IIS - insulin/insulin-like signalling

Introduction to Biomedicine (3 decks)

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