Invertibrate Exam Flashcards
Asymmetry
No body symmetry & grows as an irregular mass. Eg. Sponges
Radial Symmetry
Body parts are arranged around a central axis. Eg, Cnidarians
Bilateral Symmetry
A single plain divided body into left side & right side.
Types of Symmetry
Asymmetry
Radial
Bilateral
Classification System Levels
• Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species Kinky People Can Often Find Good Sex
Kingdoms
• Monera bacteria • Protista amoeba, slime moulds, etc. • Fungi mushrooms, yeasts, etc. • Plantae • Animalia
Innovations in animal evolution
- Body Symmetry
- Tissues
- Body Cavities
- Embryonic development
- Segmentation
Acoelomate
No cavity - organs embedded in mesoderm,
Pseudocoelomate
False cavity - filled with fluid & suspended organs.
Coelomates
True cavity - better control since more muscles present .
Adult body parts are derived from which germ layers?
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Embryonic development in triploblastic animals:
1 - Fertilisation 2 - Fertilised egg divides 3 - Blastula forms 4 - Gastrula forms (germ layers)
5 - Embryo develops
Deuterostome and Protosome stage differences
- 8 cell stage
- 32 cell stage
- blastopore
- mouth & anus development
Parazoa
General lack of any definite symmetry (sponges).
Eumetazoa
Have a symmetry.
Triploblastic
3 germ layers (EME)
Diploblastic
2 germ layers (EE)
Phylum Porifera –> Classes
Calcarea
Demospongiae
Hexactindellia
Mesophyl
A gelatinous, protein-rich matrix found between the choanocyte layer and the epithelial layer of the body of a sponge.
Spongin
Protien made by sponges as endoskeleton. 90% of sponges use spongin. (10% use collagen)
Hemaphrodite
Animal containing both female & male reproductive organs.
Gonochoristic
Animal containing male OR female reproductive organs.
Metamerism
Evolution of head & brain area in the anterior end of animals.
Nephridia
A tubule that open to the exterior of an invertebrate and acts as an organ of excretion or osmoregulation. Typically has ciliated or flagellated cells and absorptive walls.
Phylum Cnidaria –> Classes
Hydrozoa Scyphozoa (jellyfish) Cubazoa (box jellyfish) Anthozoa (corals and anemones) Staurozoa (star jellies)
How many classes of phylum Cnidaria?
5
How many classes of phylum Porifera
3
Phylum Platyhelminths –> Classes
Class Turbellaria
Subphylum Neodermata
- Class Trematoda
- Class Cercomeromorpha
Phylum Annelida –> Classes
Clitellata
- Leaches
- Earthworms
Poluchaeta
How many classes of phylum Annelida
2
Phylum Cnidaria –> Class hydrozoa
- Majority of marine species
- Predators
Phylum Cnidaria –> Class cubozoa
- All marine
- medusa is dominant
nematocysts are fatal
Phylum Cnidaria –> Class anthozoa
- all marine
- soft corals, anemones, sea fans, sea pens
- solitary or colonial
- no medusa
Phylum Cnidaria –> Class anthozoa –> orders
Hexacorallia (anemones & hard corals)
Octocorallia (soft corals)
Phylum Cnidaria –> Class Staurozoa
- no polyp stage
Phylum Platyhelminths
- flatworms
- unsegmented
- triploblastic
- acoelomate
- bilateral symmetry
- digestive, reproductive, nervous, and excretory systems
Phylum Platyhelminths –> Class Turbellaria
- Mostly free living
- Some predatory/scavenging
- Locomotion via cillia and/or rhythmic muscular contractions
Phylum Platyhelminths –> Subphylum Neodermata –> Class Trematoda
- flatworms; always parasitic
- heavy infestation can cause disease
Phylum Platyhelminths –> Subphylum Neodermata –> Class Cercomeromorpha
always parasitic
Phylum Annelids
- free living or parasitic
- Coelomate
- Triploblastic
- bilateral symmetry
- digestive, muscular, excretory, and closed circulatory system
Phylum Annelids –> Class Citellata (Leaches)
- mostly freshwater & terrestial
- anterior & posterior sucker
- 32 segments
- hermaphrodites
Phylum Annelids –> Class Citellata (Earthworms)
- mostly terrestial
- up to 130 body segments
- cephalisation (simple head - no eyes or jaws)
- digestive, reproductive, excretory, nervous, closed circulatory (5 hearts), and respiratory systems
- hermaphrodites
Phylum Annelids –> Class Polychaetes
- mostly marines
- most complicated annelid
- parapodia - found in most segments
- digestive, circulatory, reproductive, & nervous systems
- sexual reproduction
- dioecious
Phylum Mollusca
- triploblastic
- coelomate
- protosomes
- bilateral symmetry
- complicated systems
Phylum Mollusca circulatory systems
Open circulation= → Blood collected from gills→ Heart→ Spaces in the tissues (hemocoel) → Gills
Closed circulation= cephalopods have 3 hearts; two branchial hearts move blood through the gills, one systemic heart moves blood through the body in vessels
Phylum Mollusca body plan
three main parts; the foot, visceral mass and the mantle.
Phylum Mollusca –> classes
Bivalvia Cephalopoda Polypalacophora Gastropoda Caudofoveata Solenogastres Monoplaccophora Scaphopoda
How many classes of Phylum Mollusca
8
Phylum Mollusca –> class polyplacophora
Foot- broad & flat
Mantle - from foot to base of plates
Shells - 8 overlapping plates
Head - simple
Radula - present
Ink - absent
Phylum Mollusca –> class bivalvia
Foot - reduced
Mantle - lines both halves of shell
Shell - 2 shells held together by a hinge
Head - absent
Radula - absent (filter feeders)
Ink - absent
Phylum Mollusca –> class gastropoda
Foot - well developed
Mantle - absent
Shell - varied morphology
Head - present (eyes & tentacles)
Radula - present (rasping food)
Ink - absent
Phylum Mollusca –> class cephalopods
Foot - modified into siphon & tentacles
Mantle - used for locomotion via jet propulsion
Shell - dependant on subclass
Head - large, well developed, prominent eyes
Radula - present with beak
Ink - present
Phylum Arthropoda –> classes
Chelicerata
Crustacea
Insecta
Myriapoda
How many classes of Phylum arthropoda?
4
Phylum Arthropoda
- triploblastic
- coelomate
- bilateral symmetry
- exoskeleton made from chitin
- jointed appendages
- metamerism ( 2-3 segments)
Phylum Arthropoda –> Class Chelicerata
- chelicerae: feeding appendages, part of the mouth
- pedipalps: used for sperm transfer or feeding, jointed appendages
- never have antennae
- 4 pairs of walking legs
Phylum Arthropoda –> Class Chelicerata –> Orders
Araneae - spiders Opiliones - daddy long legs Acari -mites and ticks Scorpions Pycnogonids -sea spiders Xiphosuran - Horseshoe crabs
Why are insects so successful?
- Small size
- Short life cycle
- Large reproductive ability
- Life history with Metamorphosis
- Wings -
- Evolutionary interactions with other Organisms
- Adaption of appendages
Phylum Arthropoda –> Class Crustaccea –> Orders
Branchiopod – water fleas, brine shrimp
Copepoda
Cirripedia - barnacles
Malacostraca – prawns, crabs
Phylum Arthropoda –> Class Crustaccea
- two main body parts, cephalothorax and abdomen
- have mandibles and nauplius larvae
Phylum Arthropoda –> Class Hexapoda
Three main body regions
- Head: 1 pair antennae, compound eyes, mouthparts
- Thorax: 3 pairs of legs (jointed and uniramous)
- Abdomen: reproductive, digestive and respiratory structures
Phylum Echinodermata
- deutrostomes
- triploblastic
- coelomate
- endoskeleton
- water vascular system
Phylum Echinodermata –> Classes
Asteroidea (sea stars) Ophiuroidea (brittle stars) Echinoidea (sea urchins) Holothuroidea (sea cocumbers) Crinoidea (feather stars & sea lillies)
