Invertebrates (lecture 17)

Question 1

What do invertebrates lack?

Answer 1

Invertebrates are animals that don’t have a backbone.

Question 2

What is single phylum is classified under Parazoa?

Answer 2

Phylum Porifera are the only Parazoa.

Question 3

Phylum Porifera do not have what 4 characteristics?

Answer 3

Phylum Porifera lack true tissues, organs, nerves and muscles.

Question 4

Phylum Porifera are _____-feeders, also called _____-feeders.

Answer 4

Phylum Porifera are suspension-feeders, also called filter-feeders.

Question 5

What special cells do Phylum Porifera use to feed?

Answer 5

Phylum porifera have choanocytes (collar cells) by which they can perform suspension-feeding.

Question 6

Choanocytes have a collar of _____-_____ projections and they also have _____ that generate current from within the sponge.

Answer 6

Choanocytes have a collar of finger-like projections and they also have flagella that generate current from within the sponge.

Question 7

The central cavity of an aquatic sponge is called the _____ and the opening to this cavity at the top of the organism is called the _____.

Answer 7

The central cavity of an aquatic sponge is called the spongocoel and the opening to this cavity at the top of the organism is called the osculum.

Question 8

Describe how Porifera feed and describe the role of choanocytes in this process.

Answer 8

Choanocytes beat their flagella to move water out through the osculum, thus causing water from outside the sponge to flow into the spongocoel through the porous surface of the sponge. Food caught by the sticky mucus of the collar of finger-like projections are taken into this cell through phagocytosis.

Question 9

Porifera are _____, meaning the same individual can produce either _____ cells or _____ cells (but not both at the same time).

Answer 9

Porifera are hermaphroditic, meaning the same individual can produce either sperm cells or egg cells (but not both at the same time).

Question 10

Choose one & fill in the blanks: Phylum Cnidaria are Eumetazoa, (Radiata/Bilateria) and they consist of _____ and _____.

Answer 10

Choose one & fill in the blanks: Phylum Cnidaria are Eumetazoa, Radiata and they consist of hydras and jellyfish.

Question 11

Phylum Cnidaria bodies consist of a _____ with a central _____ compartment, called the _____ _____.

Answer 11

The bodies of Cnidaria consist of a sac with a central digestive compartment, called the gastrovascular cavity.

Question 12

Phylum Cnidaria bodies have a single opening into the gastrovascular cavity, which functions as both a _____ and an _____ (two way).

Answer 12

Phylum Cnidaria bodies have a single opening into the gastrovascular cavity, which functions as both a mouth and an anus (two way).

Question 13

Phylum Cnidaria have two possible body plans. What are they?

Answer 13

Both sessile polyps and medusa are possible body plans.

Question 14

Choose one: Sessile polyps are _____-shaped with an oral opening _____ the organism.

Answer 14

Sessile polyps are cylindrical with an oral opening on top of the organism.

Question 15

Sessile polyps adhere to the _____, meaning that they are found _____ to something.

Answer 15

Sessile polyps adhere to the substratum, meaning that they are found attached to something.

Question 16

Choose one: Medusa are _____-shaped with an oral opening _____ the organism.

Answer 16

Medusa are bell-shaped with an oral opening underneath the organism.

Question 17

True or false: Medusa shaped Cnidaria can swim. Explain.

Answer 17

False. Instead of swimming, medusa move freely in water by passive drift.

Question 18

Since we know that Cnidaria are radial organisms, we also know that they are _____ (they have __ germ layers).

Answer 18

Since we know that Cnidaria are radial organisms, we also know that they are diploblastic (they have 2 germ layers).

Question 19

Do all species of the Phylum Cnidaria exist only in either polyps form or medusa form?

Answer 19

No. While some species of the Phylum Cnidaria are just polyps and some are just medusa, some species can alternate between both forms.

Question 20

Phylum Cnidaria only eat _____, meaning they are _____.

Answer 20

Phylum Cnidaria only eat meat, meaning they are carnivorous.

Question 21

Phylum Cnidaria have _____ around their oral openings that capture prey and push it down into the _____ _____.

Answer 21

Phylum Cnidaria have tentacles around their oral openings that capture prey and push it down into the gastrovascular cavity.

Question 22

Phylum Cnidaria have _____, made up of stinging cells called _____.

Answer 22

Phylum Cnidaria have stingers, made up of stinging cells called cnidocytes.

Question 23

Within the stingers of Phylum Cnidaria, _____ and _____ exist in the simplest form.

Answer 23

Within the stingers of Phylum Cnidaria, muscle and nerves exist in the simplest form.

Question 24

Polyps reproduce _____ through _____.

Answer 24

Polyps reproduce asexually through budding.

Question 25

Medusa reproduce _____ by producing _____.

Answer 25

Medusa reproduce sexually by producing gametes.

Question 26

What is a characteristic of the zygote formed by the sperm and egg of two medusas.

Answer 26

Medusa zygotes can remain dormant, waiting for conditions to improve before beginning to develop.

Question 27

List the levels of classification of the Phylum Platyhelminthes (based on their body cavity, their body symmetry, their subkingdom and kingdom).

Answer 27

Phylum Platyhelminthes are Acoelomates, meaning that they are a part of the group Bilateria, which fall under Eumetazoa (subkingdom) and Metazoa (Kingdom).

Question 28

List three members of the Phylum Platyhelminthes.

Answer 28

Planaria, flukes and tapeworms are all members of the Phylum Platyhelminthes.

Question 29

Phylum Platyhelminthes have moderate cephalization, meaning what?

Answer 29

Moderate cephalization means that Phylum Platyhelminthes have a moderate increase in the concentration of sensory organs at the head region of the organism.

Question 30

Phylum Platyhelminthes have _____ tissue.

Answer 30

Phylum Platyhelminthes have muscle tissue.

Question 31

Phylum Platyhelminthes are Acoelomates, meaning what?

Answer 31

Phylum Platyhelminthes are Acoelomates, meaning that they lack a coelom.

Question 32

Some species of Phylum Platyhelminthes have a _____ _____, but with only __ opening.

Answer 32

Some species of Phylum Platyhelminthes have a gastrovascular cavity, but with only 1 opening.

Question 33

Are Platyhelminthes radial or bilateral?

Answer 33

Platyhelminthes are bilateral.

Question 34

Are Platyhelminthes diploblastic or triploblastic?

Answer 34

Platyhelminthes are triploblastic.

Question 35

Planaria are _____ that fall under which phylum?

Answer 35

Planaria are flatworms that fall under Phylum Platyhelminthes.

Question 36

Planaria lack specialized organs for ___ _____. How does this occur instead?

Answer 36

Planaria lack specialized organs for gas exchange. Instead, gas exchange occurs through diffusion as all cells are close to / in contact with water (Planaria are very thin and small).

Question 37

In Planaria, how is nitrogenous waste (the product of breaking down proteins and nucleic acids) eliminated from the organism?

Answer 37

In Planaria, nitrogenous waste diffuses directly into the water.

Question 38

Planaria have a fine _____ _____, that distributes _____ throughout the animal.

Answer 38

Planaria have a fine digestive system, that distributes food throughout the animal.

Question 39

Planaria have specialized ciliated cells called _____ _____ that do what?

Answer 39

Planaria have specialized cells called flame cells that maintain osmotic balance (similar to kidneys), which means to maintain a certain amount of water/salt within the organism.

Question 40

Planaria have _____ that detect _____. This is an example of moderate _____, a characteristic of Phylum _____.

Answer 40

Planaria have eyespots (not the same as eyeballs) that detect light. This is an example of moderate cephalization, a characteristic of Phylum Platyhelminthes.

Question 41

Flukes fall under which phylum?

Answer 41

Flukes fall under Phylum Platyhelminthes.

Question 42

Flukes are similar to what other member of the Phylum Platyhelminthes? What 2 differences do flukes exhibit?

Answer 42

Flukes are similar to Planaria, except they do not have eyespots and are parasitic (blood flukes).

Question 43

Flukes have _____ for attachment to the _____ and they live within the _____ _____ of a _____ host.

Answer 43

Flukes have suckers for attachment to the host and they live within the blood vessels of a vertebrate host.

Question 44

Tapeworms are members of which Phylum?

Answer 44

Tapeworms are members of Phylum Platyhelminthes.

Question 45

Tapeworms live in the _____ _____ of _____ hosts, meaning they are _____. They must absorb nutrients from within their host because they do not have their own _____ _____.

Answer 45

Tapeworms live in the digestive system of vertebrate hosts, meaning they are parasitic. They must absorb nutrients from within their host because they do not have their own digestive system.

Question 46

The head of a tapeworm is called the _____, and it contains _____ and _____.

Answer 46

The head of a tapeworm is called the scolex, and it contains suckers and hooks.

Question 47

Posterior to the scolex of a tapeworm, meaning _____ the head, is a long ribbon of _____, filled with _____ _____.

Answer 47

Posterior to the scolex of a tapeworm, meaning below the head, is a long ribbon of proglottids, filled with reproductive organs.

Question 48

List the levels of classification of the Phylum Nematoda (based on their body cavity, their body symmetry, their subkingdom and their kingdom).

Answer 48

Phylum Nematoda are Pseudocoelomates, meaning that they are a part of the group Bilateria, which fall under Eumetazoa (subkingdom) and Metazoa (Kingdom).

Question 49

Phylum Nematoda are _____ round worms that have a _____ body with _____ ends.

Answer 49

Phylum Nematoda are unsegmented round worms that have a cylindrical body with tapered ends.

Question 50

Phylum Nematoda have a complete _____ _____ (with __ openings). There is a _____ at one end and an _____ at the other.

Answer 50

Phylum Nematoda have a complete digestive tract (with 2 openings). There is a mouth at one end and an anus at the other.

Question 51

Phylum Nematoda lack a _____ _____. Instead, _____ are transported through the body in the _____ _____.

Answer 51

Phylum Nematoda lack a circulatory system. Instead, nutrients are transported through the body in the pseudocoelomic fluid.

Question 52

Where is the pseudocoelomic fluid in pseudocoelomates located?

Answer 52

Pseudocoelomic fluid is located in the pseudocoelom; the pseudocoelomate’s fluid filled space.

Question 53

Choose one: Phylum Nematoda reproduce (sexually/asexually).

Answer 53

Phylum Nematoda reproduce sexually.

Question 54

Some species in Phylum Nematoda are _____.

Answer 54

Some species in Phylum Nematoda are parasitic.

Question 55

List 3 phylum classified as protostomes (coelomates).

Answer 55

Phylum Annelida, Phylum Arthropoda & Phylum Mollusca are all coelomate protostomes.

Question 56

List 4 members of Phylum Mollusca.

Answer 56

Snails, oysters, octopus and squid are all members of Phylum Mollusca.

Question 57

All members of the Phylum Mollusca have an _____ _____ system, with the exception of _____ and _____.

Answer 57

All members of the Phylum Mollusca have an open circulatory system, with the exception of octopus and squid.

Question 58

Mollusca have _____ bodies, some of them are protected by hard _____ _____ shell (_____).

Answer 58

Mollusca have soft bodies, but some of them are protected by hard calcium carbonate shell (CaCO3).

Question 59

Squid and octopi have either an _____ shell or ____ __ ___.

Answer 59

Squid and octopi have either an internalized shell or none at all.

Question 60

Many species of Phylum Mollusca have a _____, which scrapes _____ from surfaces. It is similar to a _____.

Answer 60

Many species of Phylum Mollusca have a radula, which scrapes food from surfaces. It is similar to a tongue.

Question 61

What 3 components is the body of a mollusk comprised of?

Answer 61

A mollusk’s body is comprised of a muscular foot, a visceral mass and a mantle.

Question 62

What is the function of a mollusk’s muscular foot?

Answer 62

The muscular foot allows movement; it allows locomotion.

Question 63

What is the function of a mollusk’s visceral mass?

Answer 63

The visceral mass contains most of the internal organs.

Question 64

What is the mollusk’s mantle and what is its function?

Answer 64

The mantle is a fold of tissue that surrounds the mollusk’s visceral mass and which secretes the shell.

Question 65

The mantle of some species of the Phylum Mollusca has an additional function. What is it?

Answer 65

The mantle of some species of the Phylum Mollusca is also the site of gas exchange.

Question 66

List two main types of mollusks (Phylum Mollusca).

Answer 66

Gastropods and cephalopods are of the Phylum Mollusca.

Question 67

Gastropods consist of _____ that have _____ at the tips of their _____.

Answer 67

Gastropods consist of snails that have eyes at the tips of their tentacles.

Question 68

In gastropods, the _____ of the mantle functions in _____ _____.

Answer 68

In gastropods, the lining of the mantle functions in gas exchange.

Question 69

The word gastropod can be broken down into gastro, which means _____ and pod, which means _____. Snails consist primarily of these two things.

Answer 69

The word gastropod can be broken down into gastro, which means “stomach” and pod, which means “feet”. Snails consist primarily of these two things.

Question 70

Cephalopods are the only molluscs with a _____ _____ _____.

Answer 70

Cephalopods are the only molluscs with a closed circulatory system.

Question 71

Cephalopods have a well developed _____ _____ with a _____ _____.

Answer 71

Cephalopods have a well developed nervous system with a complex brain.

Question 72

The word cephalopod can be broken down into “cephalo”, which means _____ and pod, which means _____. Octopi and squid consist primarily of these two things.

Answer 72

The word cephalopod can be broken down into “cephalo”, which means head and pod, which means feet. Octopi and squid consist primarily of these two things. They are head with feet.

Question 73

Phylum Annelida are made up of _____.

Answer 73

Phylum Annelida are made up of earthworms.

Question 74

What are the six defining characteristics of Phylum Annelida?

Answer 74

Segmentation, coelom, complete digestive system, closed circulatory system, their manner of excretion and their hermaphroditism.

Question 75

What type of segmentation does Phylum Annelida have? What does this entail?

Answer 75

Earthworms have regional segmentation, meaning they have groups of segments, each modified for different functions.

Question 76

Describe the coelom of a member of the Phylum Annelida.

Answer 76

Their coelom, encased in the mesoderm, serves as a hydrostatic skeleton. Their coeloms also act as body space for storage, and allow the development of complex organ systems. The coelom protects internal structures and makes it so that internal organs can function independently from the body wall.

Question 77

Name and describe the type of digestive system of members of the Phylum Annelida.

Answer 77

Annelids have a complete digestive system, with a mouth/pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, anus. This means they have a digestive tract, rather than a gastrovascular cavity.

Question 78

Phylum Annelida have a _____ circulatory system. _____ is a protein that is present in their blood cells, which allows their blood to grab onto _____ to then give it to the body’s cells.

Answer 78

Phylum Annelida have a close circulatory system. Hemoglobin is a protein that is present in their blood cells, which allows their blood to grab onto oxygen to then give it to the body’s cells.

Question 79

How do Annelids excrete nitrogenous waste?

Answer 79

Annelids excrete waste using organs called metanephridia, which are similar to human kidneys. Waste exits through pores along the body.

Question 80

Members of the Phylum Annelida are hermaphroditic, meaning what?

Answer 80

Members of the Phylum Annelida are hermaphroditic, meaning they have both male and female reproductive organs, meaning they can produce both gametes. To reproduce, these worms line up with one another and cross fertilization between 2 organisms, wherein sperm from each individual fertilizes the other’s eggs.

Question 81

Phylum Arthropoda consists of what animals?

Answer 81

Phylum Arthropoda consists of spiders, scorpians, ticks, mites, millipedes, centipedes, insects, crabs, lobsters, crayfish and shrimp.

Question 82

What are the 8 defining characteristics of the Phylum Arthropoda?

Answer 82

Phylum Arthropoda have segmentation, jointed appendages, hard exoskeletons, extensive cephalization, an open circulatory system, a complete digestive system, their manner of waste removal and gas exchange.

Question 83

What type of segmentation does the Phylum Arthropoda have? What does this entail?

Answer 83

Phylum Arthropoda have regional segmentation, meaning different segments perform different functions.

Question 84

What are the benefits of jointed appendages (5)?

Answer 84

Jointed appendages allow for walking, feeding, sensory reception, copulation and defense.

Question 85

Describe the hard exoskeleton belonging to members of the Phylum Arthropoda.

Answer 85

Arthropoda have hard exoskeletons made of protein and chitin, which are impermeable to water. These exoskeletons provide protection and serve as points of attachment for muscles (like human bones do in humans).

Question 86

Arthropoda have extensive cephalization, meaning they have _____, _____ receptors (for _____) and some even have tactile receptors that will sense touch or vibrations.

Answer 86

Arthropoda have extensive cephalization, meaning they have eyes, olfactory receptors (for smelling) and some even have tactile receptors that will sense touch or vibrations.

Question 87

All arthropods have an open circulatory system, meaning what?

Answer 87

All arthropods have an open circulatory system, meaning their “blood” is a fluid called hemolymph, which is propelled by the heart through arteries and passes into sinuses, which are what open spaces that surround tissues and organs.

Question 88

Choose one: All arthropods have a (gastrovascular cavity/digestive tract).

Answer 88

All arthropods have a complete digestive system, meaning they have a digestive tract.

Question 89

How do arthropods remove waste from their hemolymph?

Answer 89

Arthropods use Malpighian tubules (outpockets of the digestive tract), which function in waste excretion and osmoregulation. This is how they remove nitrogenous waste.

Question 90

Gas exchange in arthropods always occurs between _____ and _____. What is dependent on the specific species is the _____ of exchange.

Answer 90

Gas exchange in arthropods always occurs between air and hemolymph. What is dependent on the specific species is the site of exchange.

Question 91

Gas exchange occurs in the _____ system in some _____ such as grasshoppers (arthropods).

Answer 91

Exchange occurs in the Tracheal system in some insects such as grasshoppers (arthropods).

Question 92

Gas exchange occurs in the _____ _____ in aquatic organisms (arthropods).

Answer 92

Gas exchange occurs in the feathery gills in aquatic organisms (arthropods).

Question 93

Gas exchange occurs in the _____ _____ in spiders (arthropods).

Answer 93

Gas exchange occurs in the book lungs in spiders (arthropods).

Question 94

Describe book lungs (arthropods).

Answer 94

Book lungs consist of stacked plate-like structures in an internal chamber, with a large surface area for gas exchange.

Question 95

Phylum _____ and Phylum _____ are part of the deuterostomes. This means that, during embryonic development, these animals develop the _____ first, that they have _____ cleavage and _____ cleavage.

Answer 95

Phylum Echinodermata and Phylum Chordata are part of the deuterostomes. This means that, during embryonic development, these animals develop the anus first, that they have indeterminate cleavage and radial cleavage.

Question 96

Phylum Echinodermata consist of _____ _____, _____ _____, _____ _____and _____ _____.

Answer 96

Phylum Echinodermata consist of sea stars, sea cucumbers, sand dollars and sea urchins.

Question 97

Phylum Echinodermata have 3 defining characteristics. What are they?

Answer 97

Phylum Echinodermata have particular body symmetry, a water vascular system and a particular manner of feeding.

Question 98

Describe the body symmetry of Phylum Echinodermata.

Answer 98

Echinodermata have radial body symmetry as adults (their internal and external parts radiate from the center), but their larvae have have bilateral symmetry. For this reason, they are still considered a part of Bilateria.

Question 99

Describe the water vascular system, belonging to members of the Phylum Echinodermata.

Answer 99

members of the Phylum Echinodermata have a network of hydraulic canals that branch into extensions called tube feet. These tube feet are used for locomotion, feeding and gas exchange.

Question 100

Describe how members of the Phylum Echinodermata feed.

Answer 100

Starfish evert their stomachs and secrete digestive juice onto prey. They then take in digested food through their mouths (not absorbing it like fungus do).