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invertebrates Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What animals are in the phylum Cnidaria?

A

jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, hydroids

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2
Q

what are the two basic life stages of cnidarians

A

polyp and medusa

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3
Q

What are cnidocytes?

A

stinging cells

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4
Q

what are nematocysts

A

the stinging part of the cell

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5
Q

how to cnidarians move

A

some are sessile; use of hydrostatic skeleton

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6
Q

stomach in cnidarians

A

one way

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7
Q

Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoa

A

coral

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8
Q

basic information on corals

A

skeleton is made up of calcium carbonate, have symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae

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9
Q

how to corals reproduce

A

sexually: broadcast spawning + brooding
asexually: budding + fragmentation

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10
Q

Phylum Cnidaria class cubozoa

A

box jellies

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11
Q

Ctenophores

A

comb jellies

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12
Q

Cilia

A

The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner

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12
Q

characteristics of ctenophores

A

no nematocysts, have sticky cells called colloblasts

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13
Q

How do ctenophores feed?

A

Colloblast sticks to their preys

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14
Q

How do ctenophores reproduce?

A

self fertilizing hermaphrodites with external fertilization = release both gametes into water

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15
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

flatworms

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15
Q

characteristics of flatworms

A

bilateral symmetry, central nervous system, first animal with head, brain, eyes, have cilia to help with movement, extensive gut, no respiratory system

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16
Q

how to platyhelminthes feed

A

mostly carnivorous, can eat dead animals, some are herbivores and parasitic

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17
Q

how to platyhelminthes reproduce

A

asxeual: binary fission (can split in half and reform), fragmentation
sexual: simultaneous hermaphrodites, intradermal hypodermic insemination (penis fencing)

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18
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

soft bodied animals
clams, octopus, snails, squid, slugs, nautiluses, oysters

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19
Q

characteristics of mollusca

A

soft bodied, enclosed in calcium carbonate shell, body is covered by mantle, has radula, complex nervous system, open circulatory system

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20
Q

what is the mantle

A

organ that produces shell of mollusks (grows with animal)

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21
Q

what is the foot

A

muscular organ for movement

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22
Q

what is the radula

A

toothed organ for feeding/defense

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23
Q

Gastropods examples

A

snails and slugs

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24
Q

characteristics of gastropods

A

complete gut, radula to scrape algae from rocks (can also be carnivorous), coiled shells reduced shells or no shell,

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25
Q

polyplacophora

A

chitons

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25
Q

characteristics of chitons

A

multiple shells

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26
Q

Bivalvia

A

clams, oysters, scallops, mussels

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26
Q

characteristics of bivalvia

A

2 shells, gills used for respiration and filter feeding, byssal threads to attach

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27
Q

cephalopoda

A

squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus

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28
Q

characteristics of cephalopods

A

Largest and most highly evolved
Agile swimmers; use jet propulsion
Reduction or complete loss of their shell
Have radula inside beak
Closed circulatory system
Large eyes, acute vision, extremely sensitive to sight details and impressions
Complex nervous system and brain

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29
Q

Porifera Functional adaptations

A

Benthic and sessile
Can be disassociated to the cellular level and still survive and reform new sponges

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30
Q

oscula

A

excurrent pores

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30
Q

how porfiera reproduce

A

Aseuxal - fragmentation, regeneration, reaggregation, budding
Sexual - production of gametes, hermaphrodites, sperm and eggs are released at different times, larval development occurs within sponge, broadcast spawning

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30
Q

porifera major atonomical features

A

Asymmetrical body plan
No true tissues or organs
Skeleton is made up of collagen (spongin)
Composed of calcium carbonate or silica

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30
Q

ostia

A

incurrent openings

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30
Q

ecological role of porifera

A

Able to filter viruses, bacteria, and other very fine particulates from the water column
Provide shelter for other organisms
Good for charismatic megafauna
Chemically defended
Economically important
Anti cancer properties
Important for coral reef health - break down corals, carbonate cyclers

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30
Q

how porifera obtain nutrition/food

A

filter feeding

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30
Q

choanocytes

A

collar cells that have a flagella that generates current, and a thin collar that traps food particles; helps with filter feeding

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31
Q

spicules

A

used for structural support; calcareous or siliceous

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31
Q

spongin

A

fibrous collagen-like protein that gives sponge structure

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31
Q

porifera: class calcarea

A

spicules composed of calcium carbonate

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31
Q

porifera: class demospongia

A

spongin fibers, siliceous spicules, combination of both (majority of sponges are in this class)

32
Q

porifera: class hexacitnellida

A

glass sponges, spicules are made of silicon dioxide

33
Q

porifera: class sclerospongia

A

siliceous spicules, spongin fibers, and calcium carbonate base or chambers

33
Q

What are the main differences between the classes of Porifera?

A

The presence and composition of different types of spicules/spongin

34
Q

What sorts of functional roles do sponges play in ecosystems?

A

Sponges provide shelter for other organisms, remove bacteria and particles from the water

35
Q

What is the difference between HMA and LMA sponges?

A

High Microbial Abundance sponges have cyanobacteria, dinoflagellate symbionts (provides nutrients)
Low Microbial Abundance lack bacterial symbionts (needs to filter feed for more nutrients)

36
Q

Low Microbial Abundance

A

ack bacterial symbionts (needs to filter feed for more nutrients)

36
Q

high microbial abundace

A

sponges have cyanobacteria, dinoflagellate symbionts (provides nutrients)

37
Q

Cnidaria: functional adaptations

A

Polyp for sessile environment
Medusa for motile environment

37
Q

elationship is mutually beneficial to each party
elationship is mutually beneficial to each party
major anatomical features of cnidarians

A

Two basic life stages: polyp and medusa
Radial symmetry
First animal to have specialized tissues (but no true organs)
Possess stinging cells (cnidocytes) for prey capture
One way gut - mouth = anus
Nerves, muscles and hydrostatic skeleton for movement

38
Q

Mutualism

A

relationship is mutually beneficial to each party

39
Q

how do corals reproduce

A

Seuxual - broadcast spawning (gametes are released into water where fertilization takes place), brooding (sperm is released into water, eggs are fertilized in corals)
Asexual - budding (single polyp can split into two), fragmentation (regeneration from smaller fragments)

40
Q

cnidaria: Class Staurozoa

A

stalked jellyfish

40
Q

Cnidaria: Class Scyphozoa

A

true jellies

41
Q

cnidarian ecological role in environment

A

Coral reefs - creates ecosystem
Reduces power of waves hitting coast
Crucial source of income

41
Q

cnidaria: class siphonophora

A

Portuguese man ‘o war

42
Q

What symbiotic relationships exist within Cnidaria?

A

Dinoflagellate algae
zooxanthellae

43
Q

Major anatomical features of ctenophora

A

8 rows of cilia (ctene)
Three different body styles:
Cydippid- rounded bodies with branched tentacles
Lobate- 2 rounded lobes, with tentacles
Beroids- sack-shaped, no tentacles
No nematocysts
Colloblasts- sticky cells

44
Q

how ctenophores reproduce

A

Self fertilizing hermaphrodites
External fertilization- release both sperm and eggs into water
Direct development - larvae look like mini adults

45
Q

ecological role of ctenophores

A

important secondary consumers

45
Q

how ctenophores obtain nutrition/food

A

Anal pores eject waste, mouth regurgitates most solid waste
Voracious feeders on copepods, fish eggs, crab larvae, shrimp larvae, other meroplankton

46
Q

What are colloblasts and how do they work?

A

Sticky cells used to capture prey

47
Q

How do ctenophores move through the water column?

A

Bearing their comb rows (beating rows of compound cilia in waves)

48
Q

What aspects of ctenophore biology/ecology enable them to experience boom-and-bust cycles in population growth?

A

Produce sperm and eggs everyday

49
Q

functional adaptations of platyhelminthes

A

Real organs and organ tissues

50
Q

major anatomical features of platyhelminthes

A

No skeleton, moves with cilia and two layers of muscle under skin
They have heads (cephalization
Simple nervous system - nerve cords and simple brains
Eyespots for direction of light
Single opening digestive system
No respiratory system, absorb oxygen directly through thin tissue layers

51
Q

how platyhelminthes reproduce

A

Asexual - binary fission (split in half and reform), fragmentation
Sexual - simultaneous hermaphrodites, intradermal hypodermic insemination

52
Q

how platyhelminthes feed

A

Carnivores and eat other inverts, protists, etc
Some are scavengers and eat dead animals (carrion)
Some eat hydroid colonies and store nematocysts in their epithelium layer for protection
Some are herbivores and few are parasitic
Some have zooxanthellae or zoochlorellae

53
Q

ecological role of platyhelminthes

A

Regulate population dynamics of zooplankton

54
Q

What type of symmetry do flatworms possess?

A

Bilateral symmetry

55
Q

advantages of bilateral symmetry

A

More mobile directional movement

56
Q

mollusk major anatomical features

A

Soft bodied organisms often enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell
Body is covered by a mantle
Ventral, muscular foot
Radula
Complex nervous system

57
Q

how mollusks obtain food

A

Use radula to scrape algae, or drill holes in shells

57
Q

Kleptoplasty

A

some nudibranchs can use the chloroplasts from algae they are feeding on, or other nudibranchs can store cnidocytes in cerata after feeding on cnidarians

58
Q

Chromatophores

A

pigment containing, light reflective cells used for camouflage by cephalopods

59
Q

mollusk: class bivalvia

A

clams, mussels, oysters

60
Q

characteristics of class bivalvia

A

Bivalve body is laterally compressed (flattened sideways) and consists of 2 hinged valves that are mirror images of one other
Strong muscles, the adductor muscles, are used to open the valves
Mantle forms a thin membrane that lines the inside surface of the shell
Instead of radula, they have siphons
Two siphons, incurrent and excurrent, draw water into and out of the mantle cavity
Byssal threads help attach to rocks and other surfaces
Scallops can swim

61
Q

mollusk: class cephalopoda

A

squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus

62
Q

characteristics of class cephalopoda

A

Largest and most highly evolved
Agile swimmers; use jet propulsion
Reduction or complete loss of their shell
Have radula inside beak
Closed circulatory system
Large eyes, acute vision, extremely sensitive to sight details and impressions
Complex nervous system and brain

63
Q

characteristics of class gastropoda

A

Coiled mass of organs enclosed by a dorsal shell, which rests on the foot
Have head and sensory structures
Radula made of chitin (carbohydrate material found in exoskeletons of crustaceans)
Separate mouth and anus - complete gut
Most gastropods use their radula to scrape algae from rocks
Others are carnivorous and use radula to drill into the shells of bivalves

64
Q

mollusk: class polyplacophora

A

chitons

65
Q

characteristics of class polyplacophora

A

Shell - 8 overlapping calcareous plates - no obvious sensory organs
Have radula that they use to scrape algae from rocks

66
Q

How do molluscs defend themselves against predation?

A

Camouflage
Hard shells
Mucus secretions
Ink glands
Poison
color

67
Q

functional adaptations of arthropods

A

Jointed appendages that are strong and flexible

67
Q

major anatomical features of arthopods

A

Possess gills to obtain oxygen
Two pairs of antennae
Segmented body
Chitinous exoskeleton reinforced with calcium carbonate
hinged/jointed appendages

68
Q

how arthropods reproduce

A

Most crustaceans start their lives in the plankton, then will later settle to the bottom as adults
Sexual reproduction

69
Q

how arthropods obtain nutrition/food

A

Carnivores that feed on scraps and dead creatures
Predation
Filter feeding
Scavenging
Parasitism

70
Q

ecological role of arthropods

A

Vital food source
Sequester carbon from atmosphere
Maintain balance in food webs

71
Q

arthropods: subphylum crustacea

A

crabs, shrimp, lobsters, barnacles, krill, copepods

72
Q

characteristics of crustaceans

A

Sperm producing individuals use specialized appendage to transfer sperm to individuals with eggs
Individuals producing eggs have specialized appendages to hold eggs
Barnacles are the only sessile group of crustaceans

73
Q

arthropods: subphylum chelicerata

A

horseshoe crabs

74
Q

characteristics of chelicerata

A

5 living species
“Living fossil”
Characterized by chelicerae - pointed appendages used to grasp food and used during mating
Appendages used for feeding at one end, and for swimming/locomotion at the other
Critically important in coastal marine food webs

75
Q

chelicerae

A

pointed appendages used to grasp food and used during mating

76
Q

Why is horseshoe crab blood valuable?

A

Contains hemocyanin (copper-based) to carry oxygen
Blood contains amoebocytes which release a clotting factor when exposed to bacteria

77
Q

functional adaptations of echinoderms

A

Pentaraidal symmetry - body is arranged in 5 parts around central axis

78
Q

major anatomical features of echinoderms

A

No dorsal, ventral, anterior, or posterior end; oral and aboral ends only
Possess endoskeleton covered by a bumpy, spiny, tissue layer
Have calcium carbonate ossicles embedded in body wall (spiny skin)
Have tube feet - network of water filled canals that extend when filled with water
Vascular system connects to the outside environment via the madreporite on the aboral surface

79
Q

how echinoderms reproduce

A

Larvae have bilateral symmetry
Sexual - dioecious with sperm or eggs produced by gonads
Asexual - disk division, regeneration (can cast off arms), fragment must include disk to regrow

80
Q

Echinodermata: class asteroidea

A

sea star

80
Q

Class Asteroidea - sea star

A

Most are carnivorous
Uses both tactile and chemosensory reception to find prey
Specialized stomach for digesting prey

81
Q

Echinodermata: class echinoidea

A

sea urchins, sand dollars

82
Q

Class Echinoidea - sea urchins, sand dollars

A

Sand dollars are deposit feeders in sand, use tube feet to pick up particles

83
Q

Echinodermata: Class Ophiuroidea

A

brittle stars

84
Q

Class Ophiuroidea - brittle stars

A

Gonads and organs all in central disc
Can autotomize their legs

85
Q

Echinodermata: class Holothuroidea

A

sea cucumbers

86
Q

Class Holothuroidea - sea cucumbers

A

Deposit feeders
Water vascular system
5 sets of longitudinal muscles, 5 rows of tube feet
Reduction of the skeleton to microscopic ossicles
Defense mechanisms: powerful toxins in body walls, sticky and toxic tentacles (cuvierian tubules), internal organs regenerate (evisceration)

87
Q

Echinodermata: Class Crinoidea

A

feather stars

marine bio (5 decks)

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