Invertebrates; 1101 Flashcards
Questions
Worms are?
cold-blooded, invertebrates with long, slender, soft bodies
Worms have no?
skeletons or legs
Worms bodies exhibit?
bilateral symmetry
What are the three general categories that all worms can be grouped in?
segmented worms, flatworms, and roundworms
What is a septum?
a thin wall of transverse epithelial tissue in a segmented worm, that divides each segment from the next segment
What is the coelom?
the hollow body cavity of a segmented worm that lies between the body wall and digestive tract
What is the cuticle?
the outer layer of the body wall of a segmented worm, a thin, waterproof layer of collagen that covers and protects the epidermis
How is a segmented worm able to crawl and swim?
by contracting and relaxing its circular and longitudinal musles
Where is the earthworm’s mouth?
in the first first segment at the anterior end of the worm
Where is the earthworm’s anus?
in the last segment at the posterior end of the worm
What is a clitellate?
a type of segmented worm that has a thickened glandular region called the clitellum, which aids in the reproductive process
What is the clitellum?
a thickened glandular region, which aids in the reproductive process
What are setae?
microscopic, hairlike brisles that stick out from the body segments and help the clitellate move through its burrow
What are aortic arches?
the five pairs of muscle-lined blood vessels that pump blood through a clitellates closed circulary system
What happens in the earthworms esophagus?
the acid in humas that could damage the delicate lining of the earthworms digestive tract is nutralized when food mixes with calcium carbonate
What are castings?
expelled solid waste materials from an earthworms, benefical to plants because they furtilize the soil
What are the nephridia?
the coiled tubes that filter liquid waste from the blood and coelom of an earthworm
What is cerebral ganglia?
in the head region of a clitellate worm process sensory impulses and coordinate movement, ansd viseral ganglia located beneath the pharynx control the functions of the worms different systems
How do clitellates reproduce asexually?
in a process called regenaration in which the last two posterior segments develop, break off, and grow into an adult worm
What are leeches?
parasitic clitellates that attach themselves to the skin of an animal or a human and such their blood
What are polychaetes?
segmented marine worms
What are parapodia?
numerous paddlelike appendages, which are covered with setae and give the worms a bristlelike appearance
What do many polychaetes use parapodia for?
for creeping, swimming, or digging, but sessile polychaetes use appendages like flagella to stir up the water and draw in food
What do parapodia act as or contain?
they act like gills to extract oxygen from the water, and some parapodia contain sensory receptors
What is a typical planarian?
a flatworm with a broad, flat body, a triangular head region, a tapered tail, two eyespots, and two auricles with receptors
What is a pharynx?
tubelike, through the mouth to suck up its prey and grind up the food before it passes it into the gastrovascular cavity to be digested
What are athropods?
the general category of cold-blooded invertebrates with jointed appendages; includes arachnids, crustaceans, myriapods, and insects
What are crustaceans?
crabs, lobsters, and crayfish; hard-shelled arthropods
What are myriapods?
arthropods with many legs, such as centipedes and millipedes
What are insects?
flies, bees, ants, and beetles; six-legged arthropods
Each arthropod has a/an?
exoskeleton containing chitin, a segmented body, pairs of jointed appendages, and an open circulatory system
What is chitin?
secreted by the arthropod skin, hardens into a tough, lightweight, waterproof body armor
What are the 2 major body segments of arachnids and some crustaceans?
the cephalothorax and the abdomen
What are the three major body segments of insects and some crustaceans?
the head(anterior segment), the thorax(middle segment), and the abdomen(posterior segment)
What are the two types of jointed appendages?
jointed walking legs and jointed mouthparts
Most arthropods have at least?
one pair of jointed sensory organ, or antennae, on their heads
What are swimmerets?
specialized appendages used by crustaceans for swimming
How do arthropods bend and extend their joints?
they utilize a combination of muscle action and hydraulic pressure
What is a carapace?
on the dorsal side of an arachnids cephalothorax, covered with a hard, waterproof cuticle
What are a spider’s hollow legs filled with?
hemolymph, a fluid from its body cavity
What are chelicerae?
a spider’s pair of mouthparts, which are short appendages equipped with long, sharp, hollow fangs
What are pedipalps?
a spider’s longer pair of mouthparts, which serve as feelers, hold prey, and transfer gametes from a male spider to a female
What are sensory hairs?
covers much of a spider’s body that can detect even the slightest change in air pressure caused by a moving object or nearby animal
What happens when a spider injects its prey with venom?
it also injects digestive enzymes that liquefy the internal organs of the prey
Nutrients pass into the digestive ceca…?
which extend from the stomach into each of the spider’s legs to provide the leg muscles with nutrients
The circulatory system of all arachnids contains?
hemolymph instead of blood
Through openings called?
ostia; hemolymph flows back back into the arachnid’s heart
Web silk can be used?
for transportation, to line nests, to make cocoons for eggs, to immobilize prey, as a food source, or as an aerial net to capture prey
What is the largest group of arthropods?
insects
Each insect has a pair of?
long, jointed antennae that function as sensory organs
What does each insect have?
ocelli and compound eyes
What are ocelli?
two or three simple eyes
What are compound eyes?
thousand of hexagonal lenses that fit together like a honeycomb to form the insect compound eyes
What are mandibles?
what a grasshopper uses to cut, tear, and chew food
What is a pair of maxillae?
direct food toward a grasshoppers mouth
What are a grasshopper’s forewings and hindwings?
forewings; straight, narrow wings used for stability, and its wider hind wings unfold and flap for lift and propulsion
What are tympanic membranes?
thin, round organs located on both sides of the abdomen of most insects, are used for the sense of hearing
What are spiracles?
tiny holes located along both sides of an insect abdomen; are used for respiration
In an insect’s open circulatory system?
the hemolymph cannot become oxygenated because it does not contain hemocyanin to transfer oxygen
What are tracheal tubes?
branch throughout the insect’s body to carry oxygen to each cell
An insect’s simple nervous system consists of?
a simple brain, a ventral nerve cord, branching nerves, and sensory organs
What are an insect’s five types of sensory organs?
antennae, sensory palps, eyes, sensory hairs, and tympanic membranes
What is the foregut?
the first section of an insect’s digestive system and consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, and proventriculus
What is the insect’s proventriculus?
a muscular digestive organ lined with teeth made of chitin
What is the midgut?
the second section where the stomach and gastric ceca are of an insect’s digestive system
Where is chemical digestion completed?
the stomach
What is the hindgut?
the third section of an insect’s digestive system and includes the intestine, rectum, and anus
What are Malpighian tubules?
filter liquid waste from an insect’s hemolymph
What is the ovipositor?
extends from the posterior segment of the abdomen of most female insects used to deposit eggs
What are the four stages of complete insect metamorphosis?
egg, larva, pupa, and adult
What are the three stages of incomplete insect metamorphosis?
egg, nymph, and adult
What is a cocoon?
what a moth larva spins; soft; during the pupal stage
What is a butterfly in its larval and pupal stage?
larval; caterpillar and pupal; chrysalis
What do insect wings consist of?
thin membranes stiffened by a network of veins and are extremely light and strong
