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Biology of Cancer SSC > Invasion and Metastasis > Flashcards

Invasion and Metastasis Flashcards

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1
Q

How are tumours grouped into different types?

A

By their tissue of origin

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2
Q

What is the name for benign and malignant tumours arising from the epithelium?

A

Adenoma/Papilloma and Carcinoma

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3
Q

What is the name for benign and malignant tumours arising from connective tissue?

A

Lipoma/Fibroma/Haemangioma and Sarcoma

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4
Q

What is the name for benign and malignant tumours arising from lymphoid tissue?

A

Lymphoid hyperplasia and Lymphoma

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5
Q

What is the name for benign and malignant tumours arising from haemopoietic tissue?

A

Myeloid proliferations and Leukaemia

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6
Q

What is the name for benign and malignant tumours arising from germ cells?

A

Terratoma and Germinoma

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7
Q

How is benign large colon adenoma seen macroscopically?

A

Polyps

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8
Q

What is a prerequisite to the metastatic cascade?

A

Accumulation of genetic mutations

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9
Q

Which hallmarks of cancer are important for metastatic disease?

A
  • Inducing angiogenesis

- Activating invasion and metastasis

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10
Q

What happens in growth and invasion?

A

Primary tumour forms and invades tissues locally.

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11
Q

What happens in transport to distant sites?

A

Intravasation, transport through the circulation and arrest in microvessels of various organs

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12
Q

What happens for metastasis to thrive at a new site?

A

Extravasation into new tissue, formation of micrometastasis, and colonisation of a macrometastasis

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13
Q

What does metatstasis require?

A

Environmental changes

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14
Q

What is detected in stroma surrounding many human cancers?

A

Tumour associated macrophages

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15
Q

What does a lack of ability to express tumour associated macrophages correlate with?

A

Decreased risk of developing metastsis.

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16
Q

How do tumour cells and macrophages support each other in cell migration of mammary tumours?

A

Macrohoages express EGF which acts on the EGF receptor of tumour cells. Tumour cells then express CSF-1 which works on the CSF-1 receptor in the macrophage.

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17
Q

What needs to be disrupted in order for cell migration to occur?

A

Cell-cell adhesions

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18
Q

What is epithelial-mesenchymal transition?

A

EMT = when structure of cells goes from strong cell-cell adhesions and interactions to more like mesenchyme cells in phenotype

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19
Q

What cell-cell interactions are disrupted?

A
  • Tight junctions
  • Adherens junction
  • Desmosomes
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20
Q

What is an adherens junction?

A

Junction formed by 2 cadherin molecules which span the extracellular membrane of both cells.

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21
Q

What is the adherens junction regulated by?

A

Ca2+

22
Q

What happens on the intracellular side of the cadherin?

A

Many proteins can bind to it to help regulate its function and confer more structure and stability to keep the cell rigid

23
Q

What change in E-cadherin expression is associated with aggressive bladder cancer?

A

Aberrant or (-) - advanced tumour stage, tumour de-differentiation, lymph node metastasis and increased risk of death.

24
Q

What is EMT activated by?

A

Different signalling pathways, producing Twist, Snail and SIP1.

25
Q

What do the EMT pathways result in?

A

Inhibition of E-cadherin expression, and induction of mesenchymal marker expression

26
Q

How many migration strategies are there?

A

4

27
Q

Name the migration strategies

A
  • Ameoboid
  • Mesenchymal (single cells/chains)
  • Cluster/cohorts
  • Multicllular strands/sheets
28
Q

Which tumour types migrate via the ameoboid strategy?

A
  • Lymphoma
  • Leukaemia
  • SCLC
29
Q

Which tumour types migrate via the mesenchymal strategy?

A
  • Fibrocarcinoma
  • Glioblastoma
  • Anaplastic tumours
30
Q

Which tumour types migrate via the cluster/cohort strategy?

A
  • Epithelial cancer

- Melanoma

31
Q

Which tumour types migrate via the multicellular strand/sheet strategy?

A
  • Epithelial cancer

- Vascular tumours

32
Q

What are the 4 steps in mesenchymal migration?

A
  • Protrusion
  • Adhesion
  • Translocation
  • Retraction
33
Q

What happens in protrusion?

A

Polymerised actin pushes the membrane at the leading edge in the direction of movement driven by key Rho family GTPases

34
Q

What happens in adhesion?

A

Cell forms new contacts close to the leading edge using a Rho family GTPase

35
Q

What happens in translocation?

A

Acto-myosin contraction promotes translocation of the cell body using a Rho family GTPase

36
Q

What happens in retraction?

A

Loss of adhesions in tail end of cell and tail retraction

37
Q

What underpins mesenchymal migration?

A

Integrin signalling

38
Q

What are integrins?

A

Transmembrane receptors that attach the cell cytoskeleton to the ECM - made of an alpha and beta subunit. 24 heterodimers (18a and 8b)- and mediate focal adhesions

39
Q

Which direction do integrins signal in?

A

Both into and out of the cell

40
Q

Why do invading cancer cells have to have a proteolytic function?

A

So they can move through and degrade the ECM

41
Q

Name some ECM Degrading Proteases

A
  • Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
  • Serine proteases
  • Adamalysin-Related Membrane proteases
  • Bone-morphogenic protein -1 type metalloproteases
  • Heparanases
  • Cysteine proteases
42
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

New blood vessel formation

43
Q

What induced angiogenesis in tumours?

A

Hypoxia

44
Q

What is the mechanism fro hypoxia-induced tumour angiogenesis?

A

Tumour larger than 2mm requires more blood vessels. Endothelial cells release paracrine growth factors. Tumour cells secrete VEGF.

45
Q

What is sometimes seen within a tumour?

A

High levels of necrosis in the centre of large tumours

46
Q

What can transport cancer cells to distant sites?

A
  • Blood vessels
  • Lymphatics
  • Body cavities via direct invasion
47
Q

Why can cancer cells move via lymphatics?

A

No basement membrane

48
Q

Give some examples of transport to distant sites via body cavities

A
  • Colon cancer to peritoneum
  • Lung cancer to pleurae
  • Brain cancer to ventricles
49
Q

What are the steps that take a CTC to extravasation?

A

Capture -> Rolling -> Arrest -> Exravasation between endothelial cells
May go from capture straight to arrest

50
Q

What cell surface receptors mediate rolling?

A
  • E-selectin and P-selectin receptors on endothelium

- CD44, CEA and PODXL on tumour cell

51
Q

What cell surface receptors mediate arrest?

A
  • ICAM1 and VCAM1 receptors on endothelium

- Integrins on tumour cell

52
Q

How might a CTC begin to grow within a blood vessel?

A

Adherence of platelets onto CTC. Another CTC with platelets binds to a nucleated cell by platelet mediated capture and then subsequent growth occurs

Biology of Cancer SSC (16 decks)

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