INTS 7: Human Anatomy (Musculoskeletal and Nervous Systems) Flashcards
What is the anatomical position?
- used as a reference point to help describe anatomy and body movement
- standing upright with feet slightly apart and toes facing forwards
- palms face forward, thumbs point away from body
- head faces forward, neutral position, gaze forward
What are the two major regions of the body?
- axial:
- main axis of the body: including head, neck, trunk
- appendicular:
- the appendages/limbs attached
What is another name for the head?
- cranial region
What is another name for the neck?
- the cervical region
What is the name of the upper part of the trunk?
- the thorax
What the middle part of the trunk called?
- the abdomen
What is the lower part of the trunk called?
- the pelvis
What is the anatomical name for the arms and legs?
- the upper limbs (arms)
- the lower limbs (legs)
How is the upper limb divided?
- the arm: shoulder to elbow
- forearm: elbow to wrist
- the hand
How is the lower limb divided?
- the thigh: hip to knee
- the leg: knee to ankle
- the foot
Describe the main planes of movement
- the coronal plane (blue):
- divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) regions
- the midsagittal plane (red):
- runs through the midline
- divides the body into left and right halves
- the sagittal plane (yellow):
- runs parallel to the midsagittal plane
- divides body into unequal left and right parts
- the transverse plane (green):
- divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
Define these terms of orientation and direction
- superior (rostral) and inferior (caudal)
- anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)
- proximal and distal
- medial and lateral
- superior (rostral): towards the head
- inferior (caudal): towards the feet
- anterior (ventral): towards the front
- posterior (dorsal): towards the back
- proximal: towards the centre of the body
- distal: away from the centre of the body
- medial: towards the midline
- lateral: away from the midline
What is the skeleton made up of?
- the bones (yellow)
- the cartilage (blue)
What is this bone called?
- mandible
What is this bone called?
- sternum
What is this bone called?
- clavicle
What is this bone called?
- scapula
What is this bone called?
- humerus
What is this bone called?
- ulna
What is this bone called?
- radius
What is this bone called?
- carpals
What is this bone called?
- metacarpals
What is this bone called?
- phalanges
What is this bone called?
- vertebral column
What is this bone called?
- hip bone / pelvic girdle
What is this bone called?
- femur
What is this bone called?
- patella
What is this bone called?
- tibia
What is this bone called?
- fibula
What is this bone called?
- tarsals
What is this bone called?
- metatarsals
What is this bone called?
- phalanges
What are flat bones used for?
Give examples
- protection
- e.g. skull and sternum
What are long bones used for?
- facilitate movement
- e.g. femur
What are short bones for?
- stabilise and facilitate movement
- e.g. carpals and tarsals
What is the purpose of irregular bones?
Give examples
- complex shape to protect a specific organ
- e.g. vertebrae, pelvis
What is the purpose of sesamoid bones?
Give examples
- embedded in tendons to alter directions of muscle pull
- e.g. patella
Where do movement of the bones of our skeleton occur?
- at the joints, where two or more bones join (or articulate)
How is the vertebral column curved?
How does it develop from embryo to adult?
- primary curvatures come from the early embryo
What are the regions of the vertebral column?
Where are the nerves in the vertebral column?
- between C1 - C7, they are above the their corresponding bone
- after, they are under each corresponding bone
What are the three types of joints in the skeleton?
- fibrous joints
- cartilaginous joints
- synovial joints
Describe cartilaginous joints
- occurs when bones are connected by cartilage, with no joint cavity
- e.g. joints between the sternum and ribs
- e.g. intervertebral discs between the vertebrae in the vertebral column
- generally a minimal amount of movement
Describe fibrous joints
- occur when bones are held together by fibrous tissue
- in general, they allow very minimal movement, or no movement at all
- e.g. sutures, the joints between skull bones
Describe synovial joints
Briefly describe their structure
- synovial joints have a joint cavity between the articulating surfaces of the bones
- the joint cavity contains liquid and allows a considerable degree of mobility
- majority of joints in the body are synovial
- all limb joints are synovial
Structure:
- the articulating bones are lined with articular cartilage
- a synovial membrane surrounds the joint cavity, filled with synovial fluid to lubricate the joint
- there are usually ligaments surrounding the joint capsule which contribute to the stability of the joint
Describe this type of synovial joint:
ball and socket
- the end of one bone is like a ball and this fits into a socket formed by another bone
Describe this type of synovial joint:
- hinge
- a hinge joint is where the end of one bone is slightly cylindrical in shape and fits into a groove just like a hinge
- e.g. the elbow joint
Describe this type of synovial joint:
- plane
- relatively flat bone surfaces slide or glide across one another
e. g. the intertarsal joints (between adjacent tarsal bones of the foot) - these bones have flat surfaces that articulate with surrounding bones
- individually, these joints don’t result in much movement, but collectively there is significant movement
Describe this type of synovial joint:
pivot
- one bone fits like a peg into a ring of bone or bone and ligaments
- e.g. in photo
Describe this type of synovial joint:
ellipsoid
- similar to a ball and socket joint, except the bone is oval or ellipse-shaped and socket is similarly shaped
- e.g. check photo
Describe this type of synovial joint:
saddle
- both concave and convex surfaces of one bone fit into both concave and convex surfaces of another bone, like a saddle
- e.g. check photo
Describe the movements of the elbow and knee joint
- flexion: towards the anterior
- extension: towards the posterior
Describe the movements of the shoulder joint
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- circumduction
- rotation
Describe the movements of the hip joint
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- circumduction
- rotation
Describe the movements of the neck joint
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- rotation
Describe the movements of the ankle joint
- dorsiflexion
- plantarflexion
- inversion
- eversion
Describe the movements of the wrist joint
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- circumduction
- no rotation!
Describe the movements of the shoulder girdle
- elevation
- depression
- protraction
- retraction
- Note these are movements of the scapula on the thoracic wall, not movements at the shoulder ball-and-socket joint.
Describe the movements of the proximal radioulnar joint
- pronation
- supination
- Note these movements do not occur at the elbow hinge joint but just distal to this at the proximal radioulnar joint.
Where do muscles attach to the bone?
- they attached across joints
- each muscle has an origin and an insertion
- origin: usually the proximal attachment
- insertion: usually the distal attachment
- muscles can have multiple attachments
- particularly where they influence movement across more than one joint
Explain the functions of the muscles of the head
- These muscles allow us to create a myriad facial expressions (see image below)
- these muscles are located in the face and on the scalp.
- Many of these muscles possess the unusual feature of inserting into skin, rather than muscle.
- Other muscles in the head are responsible for chewing and biting (mastication) and movement of the tongue which is of course also useful for chewing and also speaking.
- All of these muscles are innervated by cranial nerves.
Explain the function of the muscles of the anterior neck and throat
What nerves supply them?
- These muscles control swallowing.
- All are supplied by cranial nerves or the first pair of spinal nerves.
Explain the functions of the muscles of the neck and vertebral column
- These muscles are responsible for movement of the head and trunk.
- Muscles in the anterolateral neck are the prime head flexors while muscles in the posterior neck and upper back are the head extensors.
- Muscles of the vertebral column are divided into superficial (towards the surface) and deep compartments.
- Trunk extension is controlled by deep muscles which lie close to and attach to the vertebral column.
- The superficial back muscles are primarily involved with movement of the shoulder girdle and upper limbs.
Explain the functions of the muscles of the thorax
- These muscles are responsible for movements that promote breathing.
- Briefly, the diaphragm is the main muscle involved with inspiration (breathing in).
- The external intercostals (inter = between, costal = ribs) also aid inspiration, while the internal intercostals aid expiration (breathing out).
Explain the functions of the muscles of the abdominal wall
- The abdominal cavity has no bony protection, like the thoracic region.
- The muscles of the abdominal wall support and protect the abdominal organs and are important for flexion of the vertebral column.
- The abdominal muscles are: rectus abdominis, external obliques, internal obliques and transverse abdominis.
Explain the functions of the muscles of the pelvic floor
- These muscles form the floor of the pelvic outlet, closing this region.
- They also support the pelvic contents and facilitate voiding contents of the bladder, rectum and uterus (childbirth).
Explain the muscles of the shoulder
Explain the muscles of the elbow
Explain the muscles of the wrist and hand
Explain the muscles of the hip and knee
Explain the muscles of the ankle and foot
