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Integrative Body Systems (INTS) > INTS 7: Human Anatomy (Musculoskeletal and Nervous Systems) > Flashcards

INTS 7: Human Anatomy (Musculoskeletal and Nervous Systems) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A
  • used as a reference point to help describe anatomy and body movement
  • standing upright with feet slightly apart and toes facing forwards
  • palms face forward, thumbs point away from body
  • head faces forward, neutral position, gaze forward
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2
Q

What are the two major regions of the body?

A
  • axial:
  • main axis of the body: including head, neck, trunk
  • appendicular:
  • the appendages/limbs attached
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3
Q

What is another name for the head?

A
  • cranial region
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4
Q

What is another name for the neck?

A
  • the cervical region
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5
Q

What is the name of the upper part of the trunk?

A
  • the thorax
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6
Q

What the middle part of the trunk called?

A
  • the abdomen
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7
Q

What is the lower part of the trunk called?

A
  • the pelvis
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8
Q

What is the anatomical name for the arms and legs?

A
  • the upper limbs (arms)
  • the lower limbs (legs)
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9
Q

How is the upper limb divided?

A
  • the arm: shoulder to elbow
  • forearm: elbow to wrist
  • the hand
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10
Q

How is the lower limb divided?

A
  • the thigh: hip to knee
  • the leg: knee to ankle
  • the foot
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11
Q

Describe the main planes of movement

A
  • the coronal plane (blue):
  • divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) regions
  • the midsagittal plane (red):
  • runs through the midline
  • divides the body into left and right halves
  • the sagittal plane (yellow):
  • runs parallel to the midsagittal plane
  • divides body into unequal left and right parts
  • the transverse plane (green):
  • divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
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12
Q

Define these terms of orientation and direction

  • superior (rostral) and inferior (caudal)
  • anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal)
  • proximal and distal
  • medial and lateral
A
  • superior (rostral): towards the head
  • inferior (caudal): towards the feet
  • anterior (ventral): towards the front
  • posterior (dorsal): towards the back
  • proximal: towards the centre of the body
  • distal: away from the centre of the body
  • medial: towards the midline
  • lateral: away from the midline
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13
Q

What is the skeleton made up of?

A
  • the bones (yellow)
  • the cartilage (blue)
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14
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • mandible
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15
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • sternum
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16
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • clavicle
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17
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • scapula
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18
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • humerus
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19
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • ulna
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20
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • radius
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21
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • carpals
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22
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • metacarpals
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23
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • phalanges
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24
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • vertebral column
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25
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • hip bone / pelvic girdle
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26
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • femur
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27
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • patella
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28
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • tibia
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29
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • fibula
30
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • tarsals
31
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • metatarsals
32
Q

What is this bone called?

A
  • phalanges
33
Q

What are flat bones used for?

Give examples

A
  • protection
  • e.g. skull and sternum
34
Q

What are long bones used for?

A
  • facilitate movement
  • e.g. femur
35
Q

What are short bones for?

A
  • stabilise and facilitate movement
  • e.g. carpals and tarsals
36
Q

What is the purpose of irregular bones?

Give examples

A
  • complex shape to protect a specific organ
  • e.g. vertebrae, pelvis
37
Q

What is the purpose of sesamoid bones?

Give examples

A
  • embedded in tendons to alter directions of muscle pull
  • e.g. patella
38
Q

Where do movement of the bones of our skeleton occur?

A
  • at the joints, where two or more bones join (or articulate)
39
Q

How is the vertebral column curved?

How does it develop from embryo to adult?

A
  • primary curvatures come from the early embryo
40
Q

What are the regions of the vertebral column?

A
41
Q

Where are the nerves in the vertebral column?

A
  • between C1 - C7, they are above the their corresponding bone
  • after, they are under each corresponding bone
42
Q

What are the three types of joints in the skeleton?

A
  • fibrous joints
  • cartilaginous joints
  • synovial joints
43
Q

Describe cartilaginous joints

A
  • occurs when bones are connected by cartilage, with no joint cavity
  • e.g. joints between the sternum and ribs
  • e.g. intervertebral discs between the vertebrae in the vertebral column
  • generally a minimal amount of movement
44
Q

Describe fibrous joints

A
  • occur when bones are held together by fibrous tissue
  • in general, they allow very minimal movement, or no movement at all
  • e.g. sutures, the joints between skull bones
45
Q

Describe synovial joints

Briefly describe their structure

A
  • synovial joints have a joint cavity between the articulating surfaces of the bones
  • the joint cavity contains liquid and allows a considerable degree of mobility
  • majority of joints in the body are synovial
  • all limb joints are synovial

Structure:

  • the articulating bones are lined with articular cartilage
  • a synovial membrane surrounds the joint cavity, filled with synovial fluid to lubricate the joint
  • there are usually ligaments surrounding the joint capsule which contribute to the stability of the joint
46
Q

Describe this type of synovial joint:

ball and socket

A
  • the end of one bone is like a ball and this fits into a socket formed by another bone
47
Q

Describe this type of synovial joint:

  • hinge
A
  • a hinge joint is where the end of one bone is slightly cylindrical in shape and fits into a groove just like a hinge
  • e.g. the elbow joint
48
Q

Describe this type of synovial joint:

  • plane
A
  • relatively flat bone surfaces slide or glide across one another
    e. g. the intertarsal joints (between adjacent tarsal bones of the foot)
  • these bones have flat surfaces that articulate with surrounding bones
  • individually, these joints don’t result in much movement, but collectively there is significant movement
49
Q

Describe this type of synovial joint:

pivot

A
  • one bone fits like a peg into a ring of bone or bone and ligaments
  • e.g. in photo
50
Q

Describe this type of synovial joint:

ellipsoid

A
  • similar to a ball and socket joint, except the bone is oval or ellipse-shaped and socket is similarly shaped
  • e.g. check photo
51
Q

Describe this type of synovial joint:

saddle

A
  • both concave and convex surfaces of one bone fit into both concave and convex surfaces of another bone, like a saddle
  • e.g. check photo
52
Q

Describe the movements of the elbow and knee joint

A
  • flexion: towards the anterior
  • extension: towards the posterior
53
Q

Describe the movements of the shoulder joint

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • circumduction
  • rotation
54
Q

Describe the movements of the hip joint

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • circumduction
  • rotation
55
Q

Describe the movements of the neck joint

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • rotation
56
Q

Describe the movements of the ankle joint

A
  • dorsiflexion
  • plantarflexion
  • inversion
  • eversion
57
Q

Describe the movements of the wrist joint

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • abduction
  • adduction
  • circumduction
  • no rotation!
58
Q

Describe the movements of the shoulder girdle

A
  • elevation
  • depression
  • protraction
  • retraction
  • Note these are movements of the scapula on the thoracic wall, not movements at the shoulder ball-and-socket joint.
59
Q

Describe the movements of the proximal radioulnar joint

A
  • pronation
  • supination
  • Note these movements do not occur at the elbow hinge joint but just distal to this at the proximal radioulnar joint.
60
Q

Where do muscles attach to the bone?

A
  • they attached across joints
  • each muscle has an origin and an insertion
  • origin: usually the proximal attachment
  • insertion: usually the distal attachment
  • muscles can have multiple attachments
  • particularly where they influence movement across more than one joint
61
Q

Explain the functions of the muscles of the head

A
  • These muscles allow us to create a myriad facial expressions (see image below)
  • these muscles are located in the face and on the scalp.
  • Many of these muscles possess the unusual feature of inserting into skin, rather than muscle.
  • Other muscles in the head are responsible for chewing and biting (mastication) and movement of the tongue which is of course also useful for chewing and also speaking.
  • All of these muscles are innervated by cranial nerves.
62
Q

Explain the function of the muscles of the anterior neck and throat

What nerves supply them?

A
  • These muscles control swallowing.
  • All are supplied by cranial nerves or the first pair of spinal nerves.
63
Q

Explain the functions of the muscles of the neck and vertebral column

A
  • These muscles are responsible for movement of the head and trunk.
  • Muscles in the anterolateral neck are the prime head flexors while muscles in the posterior neck and upper back are the head extensors.
  • Muscles of the vertebral column are divided into superficial (towards the surface) and deep compartments.
  • Trunk extension is controlled by deep muscles which lie close to and attach to the vertebral column.
  • The superficial back muscles are primarily involved with movement of the shoulder girdle and upper limbs.
64
Q

Explain the functions of the muscles of the thorax

A
  • These muscles are responsible for movements that promote breathing.
  • Briefly, the diaphragm is the main muscle involved with inspiration (breathing in).
  • The external intercostals (inter = between, costal = ribs) also aid inspiration, while the internal intercostals aid expiration (breathing out).
65
Q

Explain the functions of the muscles of the abdominal wall

A
  • The abdominal cavity has no bony protection, like the thoracic region.
  • The muscles of the abdominal wall support and protect the abdominal organs and are important for flexion of the vertebral column.
  • The abdominal muscles are: rectus abdominis, external obliques, internal obliques and transverse abdominis.
66
Q

Explain the functions of the muscles of the pelvic floor

A
  • These muscles form the floor of the pelvic outlet, closing this region.
  • They also support the pelvic contents and facilitate voiding contents of the bladder, rectum and uterus (childbirth).
67
Q

Explain the muscles of the shoulder

A
68
Q

Explain the muscles of the elbow

A
69
Q

Explain the muscles of the wrist and hand

A
70
Q

Explain the muscles of the hip and knee

A
71
Q

Explain the muscles of the ankle and foot

A

Integrative Body Systems (INTS) (11 decks)

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