INTS 3: Innate and Acquired Immunity Flashcards
1
Q
What are leukocytes?
A
- Any nucleated white blood cells within the peripheral blood.
- Leukocytes include both mononuclear cells (lymphocytes and monocytes) and granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils).
2
Q
What are the lymphocytes?
A
- The general name used to identify the most common mononuclear cell in the blood.
- Lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow and later populate the lymphoid tissues and the peripheral blood.
- They also circulate through the lymphatic system which is separate from the blood system.
3
Q
What are T cells?
A
- These are lymphoid cells called T cells as they are derived from the thymus.
- These form a subtype of lymphocytes representing the majority of lymphocytes (approximately 80%).
- They are indistinguishable from B lymphocytes based on morphology, and flow cytometry is needed to distinguish T and B cells on the ground of the expression of T-specific surface antigens.
4
Q
What are B cells?
A
- Called B cells as they are bone marrow-derived.
- These are a subtype of lymphocytes representing a minority of the lymphocytes ( <20%).
- They are indistinguishable from T lymphocytes based on morphology, and flow cytometry is needed to identify them on the ground of expression of B cell surface antigens.
5
Q
What is the innate immune system?
A
- A system comprising the cells and processes developed to defend the host from infection caused by external organisms.
- These include physical barriers such as skin, chemicals in the blood, and cells that attack foreign cells in the body.
- As opposed to the adaptive immune system, the innate system does not provide long-lasting immunity and unless there are genetic defects preventing its development it is present in all individuals at birth.
6
Q
What is the adaptive or acquired immune system?
A
- A system of highly specialized cells and processes that provide an antigen-specific immune response targetted to specific viral or bacterial infections.
- This takes time to develop (at least days or weeks).
- Unlike the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is highly specific to a particular pathogen.
- Adaptive immunity can also provide long-lasting protection and can be provided by vaccinations.
7
Q
What is an antibody?
A
- A large Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to recognise and neutralize foreign pathogens like bacteria and viruses.
- Antibodies are generally produced against specific epitopes of a virus (protein particles) rather than against the whole viral pathogen.
8
Q
What is an antigen?
A
- A molecule capable of inducing an immune response (to stimulate the production of an antibody) in the host organism.
- Some antigens are more immunogenic than others and they refer to specific protein sequences in the viral coat or part of a bacterial able to be recognised by the host as a non-self.
9
Q
What is the Immunoglobulin gene (IG)?
A
- A gene encoding the complete immunoglobulin protein.
- There are heavy and light chain types based on the structure and type of the constant region.
- The heavy chain type is made of different segments (variable, diversity, joining, and constant), whereas the light chain type does not have diversity segments.
- The type of chain, H or L and M, D, E, A and G is based on the sequence of the CONSTANT region, while the Variable region identifies the ability to recognise the antigens
- because there are missions of different ones, there can be millions of V regions produced.
10
Q
What is immunoglobin gene rearrangement?
A
- The process that leads to the formation of functional immunoglobulin through the joining of all the different segments that form the Ig gene.
11
Q
What is an IG class switch?
A
- The process by which a B cell production of immunoglobulin changes from one type to another, based on the segment encoding the constant region.
- An Ig can switch class (but retain the same antigen recognition specificity).
12
Q
Define innate immunity
A
- the nonspecific defense mechanism that come into play immediately or within hours of foreign invasion by a bacteria or virus and an antigen appearing in the body
13
Q
What are the four different components of the innate immune system?
A
- Anatomical barriers:
- skin, gastric barriers (gastric acid, bile acids, digestive enzyme, gut flora), respiratory tracts (mucociliary elevator), nasopharynx (mucus and saliva), and eyes (tears). - Inflammation:
- occurs when tissues are injured by bacteria, trauma, toxins, heat, or any other cause.
- The damaged cells release chemicals including histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins.
- These chemicals cause blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues, causing swelling. - Complement:
- The complement system enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism
- it promotes inflammation and attacks the pathogen’s plasma membrane.
- It can be activated by certain polysaccharides found on the surface of bacteria.
- This can occur immediately and does not require prior exposure to the molecules. - Cells:
- they include mast cells, neutrophils and macrophages, whose major function is to attack the invading agent, phagocyte and digest it.
- See the section INTS02 for further information on granulocytes.
14
Q
How does skin contribute to innate immunity?
A
- it functions as a physical obstacle
- an unfriendly environment for many microbes
- the skin’s surface is slightly acidic
- some areas are quite dry
- also the skin has ‘good’ bacteria already present
15
Q
What are dendritic cells?
How do they evolve?
A
- they ‘guard’ the immune system and test their surroundings for danger
- they evolve from BM cells that have a monocyte-type structure
- when they receive a stimulus (mainly in the form of cytokine production) they evolve from immature to mature cells and grow dendrites
16
Q
Describe the function of dendritic cells
A
- when they are activated, they migrate to the lymph nodes where they interact with their main targets
- which are T lymphocytes: a signal is transmitted that the body needs to defend itself
- therefore, they represent the ‘link’ between the innate and acquired immune system
- depending on the type of interaction they have will T cells they will trigger different responses (see image)