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iAlevel Chemistry Y1 > Introductory Organic Chemistry and Alkanes Ch4 > Flashcards

Introductory Organic Chemistry and Alkanes Ch4 Flashcards

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1
Q

General Formulas

5 formulas

A

Alkanes: Cn H2n+2
Alkenes: Cn H2n
Alkynes: CnH2n-2
Alcohols: CnH2n+1OH
Halogenalkanes:CnH2n+1X

X = halogen

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2
Q

Definition

Functional Group

A

The atom or group of atoms responsible for the characteristc of an organic compound

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3
Q

Definition

Homologous series

A

A series or organic compound ith the same functional group. Each successive member increase by -CH2

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4
Q

Aliphatic

A

A carbon chain

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5
Q

Aromatic

A

Compound contain a benzene ring

C6H6

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6
Q

Halogenalkanes

A

F: Fluoro
Cl: Chloro
Br: Bromo
I: Iodo

Alphabetic order

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7
Q

Definition

Structural Isomerism

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structual formula

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8
Q

Structural Isomerism

Chain Isomerism

A

Hydrocarbon rearranged to form branches

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9
Q

Structural Isomerism

Positional isomerism

A

Functional group atoms are on a different carbon in the chain

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10
Q

Structural Isomerism

Functional isomerism

A

Atoms rearranged to form a different functional group

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11
Q

Definition

Hazard

A

A substance or procedure that has the potential to cause harm to the user

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12
Q

Definition

Risk

A

The chance/probability that a hazard will cause harm

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13
Q

Classifing Reaction

Addition

A

Two moluecules joined together, form single new molecule

involving the breaking of C=C or C=O double bond

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14
Q

Classifing Reaction

Substitution

A

Atom or group of atoms is swapped for a different atom or group of atoms

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15
Q

Classifing Reaction

Oxidation

A
  1. gains oxygen
  2. loses hydrogen
    loss of electrons
    increase in oxidation number

[O] - oxidising agent

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16
Q

Classifing Reaction

Reduction

A

Reacting with hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst
1. lose oxygen
2. gains hydrogen
gain electrons
decrease in oxidisng number

[H] - reducing agent

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17
Q

Classifing Reaction

Polymerisation

A

Mony monomer –> single polymer

18
Q

Classifing Reaction

Elimination

A

Small molecule formed eliminates it from compound

formation of double bond

19
Q

Classifing Reaction

Hydrolysis

A

breaking up molecule by adding water

20
Q

Breaking Bonds

Heterolytic Fission

A

Bond breaks and both electrons are kept by one atom

Full curly arrow

Negative atom and positve atom

21
Q

Definition

Free Radicle

A

A highly reactive spieces containing an npaired electron

21
Q

Breaking bonds

Homolytic Fission

A

Bond breaks, Both atoms recieve one electrons

Half curly arrow

Become free Radicals

22
Q

Definition

Electrophile

A

An electron pair acceptor

Spieces attracted to region of high density (positive charge)

23
Q

Definition

Nucleophile

A

An electron donor

Spieces attracted to region of low density (negative charge)

24
Q

Definition

Saturated

A

Contains single C-C bond
No C=C doble bond

25
Q

Fracional Distillation

Fraction name / uses

Viscousity and colour

A

Gases - domestic cooking / heating
Petrol - car fuel
Kerosene - aircraft fuel
Diesel - Trains/buses/truck fuel
Fuel Oil - shipping / power station
BItumen - surfacing roads / roofs

Viscosity = runniest –> thickest
Colour = colourless –> Black

26
Q

Cracking

Process and types

A

Converting long chain hydrocarbons inot shorter - more useful
Catalytic and Thermal Cracking

Use of a zeolite (Al & Si)

26
Q

Reforming

Process and the catalyst used

A

Converts straight chain alkanes into branched and cyclic compounds
Platinum

Fuels burns for smoothly - no knocking

27
Q

Combustion

Complete Combustion

A

Alkanes burn in plentiful supply of oxygen
Makes Carbon dioxde and carbon monoxide

28
Q

Combustion

Incomplete Combustion

A

Oxygen is in limited supply
Makes Carbon (Soot)

29
Q

Affects

Carbon Monxide

A

Colourless & odourless
toxic
Binds to haemoglobin, reduces oxygen transportation

30
Q

Pollutants

Unburned hydrocarbons - UHCs

A

Hydrocarbons released into the air due to a lack of O2 - and inefficient engine

31
Q

Pollutants

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

A

N2 + O2 –> 2NO (Nitrogen monoxide)
2NO + O2 –> 2NO2 (Nitrogen dioxie)
2NO2 + H2O –> HNO2 + HNO3 (Nirtous acid + Nitric acid)

Acid rain is made

32
Q

Pollutants

Oxides of Sulfur

A

S(s) + O2(g) –> SO2 (g) (sulfur dioxide)
2SO2 + O2 <==> 2SO3 (sulfur trioxide)
SO2 + H2O –> H2SO3 (sulfurous acid)
SO3 + H2O –> H2SO4 (sulfuric acid)

Acid rain is made

33
Q

Effects

Acid Rain

A
  1. Environment damge
    lowering pH of rivers / lakes
    killing aquatic life & kills crops / forest
  2. building and staues made from limestone eroded
34
Q

Definition

Carbon Neutral

A

The CO2 released in combustion is equal to the CO2 absorbed from when it was fpormed (net zero effect)

35
Q

Hydrogen

Disadvantages and advantages

A

Disadvantages: require elecricity, need container under high pressure very cold and well insuluated.
Advantage: no CO2 produced, very abundant

36
Q

Free Radical Substitution

Initiation

A

UV light provides energy to break a Halogen diatomic bond via homolytic fission

Half curly arrows

37
Q

Free Radical Substitution

Propagnation

A

free radical of the halogen reacts with the alkane
Carry on unitl all hydrogens are substituted

mixture of products
low atom economy duw to multiplr substitutions

38
Q

Free Radical Substitution

Termination

A

Any two radicals join together to form a molecule

iAlevel Chemistry Y1 (5 decks)

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