Introductions Flashcards
1
Q
Computers of the 1940s and 1950s were mostly solitary machines, but in the blank computer networks evolved.
A
1960s
2
Q
A computer blank allows computers to communicate information with each other.
A
network
3
Q
The blank began as four networked computers in 1969 but is today the largest and most popular computer network spanning the entire globe.
A
Internet
4
Q
blank was an early way for transferring files over the Internet.
A
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
5
Q
Users used blank to connect to servers, look at listings of available documents, and download documents of interest.
A
FTP programs
6
Q
n the early 1990s, blank was working at a Swiss research institute named CERN and developed a more convenient way for computers to communicate files over the Internet.
A
Tim Berners-Lee
7
Q
Berners-Lee named his creation the blank, or simply “the web”.
A
World Wide Web
8
Q
The web involved what three things
A
Text files, known as HTML files, containing links to other text files.
A program, known as a browser, for viewing HTML files.
A set of rules, known as the HTTP protocol, for transferring HTML files among computers.
9
Q
Blamk is used to transfer files by logging into a computer with the files and typing commands to get the desired files.
A
FTP
10
Q
Blank is a protocol for transferring HTML files among computers. Files can contain links to other files.
A
HTTP
11
Q
A blank is a document that is viewed in a web browser.
A
webpage or web page
12
Q
A collection of related webpages are organized into a blank.
A
website
13
Q
A blank is a program that serves webpages to web browsers.
A
web server
14
Q
Blank is the standard markup language for web documents.
A
HyperText markup language (HTML)
15
Q
Blank is text that has links to other text (and today to images, videos, and more).
A
Hypertext
16
Q
Document blank is special markings in the document that provide additional information about links, formatting, and images.
A
markup
17
Q
HTML also permits adding blank like search engine keywords, author information, and language.
A
metadata
18
Q
1945: Engineer Vannevar Bush writes the essay “As We May Think” that describes blank, a theoretical machine for building and following links between documents.
A
Memex
19
Q
1965: blank coins the term HyperText in a paper on how to deal with information that was complex, changing, and uncertain.
A
Ted Nelson
20
Q
1968: blank demonstrates an implementation of hyperlinks with a mouse in the oN-Line System (NLS).
A
Doug Engelbart
21
Q
1987: Apple releases blank, software for the Macintosh that enables programming hypertext applications.
A
HyperCard
22
Q
Blank is a program for viewing webpages.
A
browser
23
Q
What is the difference between the internet and the web?
A
the Internet (the interconnection of computers communicating using a set of rules), and the web (which is just one particular use of the Internet)
24
Q
When was the first website published?
A
1991
25
When was Yahoo created?
1994
26
How many websites existed in 2001?
30 million
27
How many websites existed in 2011?
350 million
28
In what year did the number of Internet users surpass 3 billion?
2015
29
A blank is a program that downloads an HTML document from a web server, displays the document to the user with the appropriate formatting, and allows the user to interact with the document, such as clicking hyperlinks to access other documents.
web browser
30
A web browser uses blank to understand the structure and semantics, or meaning, of the document.
HTML
31
The frequent webpage and browser incompatibility headaches pushed the industry to value standardization. The blank is the international standards organization that traditionally has controlled a number of web standards, including HTML.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
32
Blank was the latest HTML standard released by the W3C in 2014.
HTML5
33
In 2019, the W3C relinquished HTML standards publishing to the Web blank, an organization that develops a variety of web standards and whose members include the major browser vendors
Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG)
34
WHATWG produces the blank, a continually evolving standard without version numbers that replaces HTML5.
HTML Living Standard
35
A modern webpage is composed of blank, blank and blank.
HTML, CSS, and JavaScript
36
Blank defines the structure and content of a webpage
HTML
37
Blank specifies the layout and visible appearance.
CSS
38
Blank describes the dynamic behaviors and actions of a webpage.
JavaScript
39
A computer communicates with another computer on the Internet by sending blank back and forth.
packets
40
An Internet packet contains blank, blank and blank
To and From IP addresses, the information to communicate, and other configuration information.
41
An blank is a computer's unique address on the Internet (like a house's unique address in the world), usually represented numerically like 198.51.100.7.
IP address (short for Internet Protocol address)
42
A typical IP address is blank, divided into four 8-bit groups, each group often written as a decimal number.
32 bits
43
The smallest possible number in an IP address is blank, and the largest is blank.
0, 255
44
The original Internet Protocol, known as blank, has 32-bit addresses. 32 bits can represent 232 or about 4 billion unique addresses, originally believed to be more than enough, but 4 billion is no longer enough.
IPv4
45
A new version of the Internet Protocol, blank, uses 128-bit addresses, capable of representing 2128 addresses.
IPv6
46
A blank is a name for an IP address, such as the name wikipedia.org for the IP address 198.35.26.96; the name is easier to remember and type.
domain name
47
In a domain name, blank doesn't matter
Capitalization
48
When a computer sends a packet using a domain name over the Internet, the first step is to contact a blank to convert the domain name to an IP address.
DNS server
49
DNS is short for blank.
Domain Name System
50
Thirteen main DNS servers (called blank) exist in the world, and a computer's operating system or an ISP keeps a reference to the blanks' IP addresses.
root servers
51
Anyone may register an unused domain name with a blank.
domain name registrar
52
Domain names are blank
hierarchical
53
A domain name belongs to one of numerous blank, such as .com, .net, .org, .edu, and .gov.
top-level domains (TLD)
54
Each country is assigned a unique two-letter country code blank (ccTLD) like .uk (United Kingdom), .ru (Russia), and .de (Germany).
top-level domain
55
Blank, the organization that manages TLDs, now allows companies and organizations to create customized TLDs, like .church, .pizza, and .music.
ICANN
56
Immediately after a top-level domain comes a blank, such as wikipedia in wikipedia.org.
second-level domain
57
The most popular TLD is blank for companies.
Next most popular is blank. Typically for networking/internet-focused companies.
Next is blank, traditionally for non-profit organizations.
.com
.net
.org
58
A blank is commonly an organization's name as in Stanford.edu, or indicates the purpose of a website as in DoPython.org.
second-level domain
59
Third-level and further level domains refer to blank, as in cs.stanford.edu where the cs is for Stanford's Computer Science department. A common third-or-deeper-level domain is www, short for World Wide Web, usually referring to an organization's web server. Many organizations use www optionally, so stanford.edu by default goes to www.stanford.edu.
sub-computer systems local to an organization
60
Domain names are most commonly seen in blank.
URLs
61
A blank is the location of a web resource on the web, such as http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
62
A blank is any retrievable item, like an HTML file, image, video, CSS stylesheet, etc.
web resource
63
A URL is composed of what 5 parts
Scheme
Hostname
Path
Query string
Fragment
64
Blank is characters at the beginning of a URL followed by a colon ":" or a colon and double slashes "://". Common include http, https, mailto, and file. Ex: In https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol, the scheme is "https".
Scheme
65
Blank is the complete domain name following the scheme in a URL. Ex: In https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol, the blank is "www.cdc.gov".
Hostname
66
Blank is the characters to the right of the hostname in a URL. Ex: In https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol, the blank is "/alcohol".
path
67
Blank is optional characters to the right of the question mark (?) in a URL that provide data for the web server. In https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uu7XCEMdSHg, the characters after the ? tells YouTube's server to play a video having code uu7XCEMdSHg.
Query string
68
Blank is optional characters at the end of a URL that start with a hash character (#) and refer to a certain location within a webpage. In https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL#History, the blank "#History" refers to the webpage's History section.
Fragment
69
If a blank is not found by a DNS server (usually because the blank is not registered), a page is displayed indicating such, as in "Sorry, the website www.xyz.blahblahblah cannot be found."
domain name
70
A domain name may be found (so a valid IP address exists for that name) but the blank may not respond, resulting in a message like "The website is not responding" or "Could not reach the website". Such non-response could be due to the blank being turned off or undergoing maintenance, or due to an essential router malfunctioning, for example
web server
71
If a web server is reached but the specific requested page isn't found, the server returns a blank status code, which is a code number for page not found. Various other status codes exist.
404
72
Blank is the general name for a once valid link that now returns a 404 status code.
Linkrot
73
The blank is a networking protocol that runs over TCP/IP and governs communication between web browsers and web servers.
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
74
Blank is a protocol suite that governs how data packets are transferred over the Internet from one machine to another.
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
75
HTTP/1.1 is the HTTP standard used for most of the web's lifetime, but many websites are adopting blank, a relatively new HTTP standard that speeds-up the transfer of information between web browsers and web servers.
HTTP/2
76
HTTP functions as a blank protocol between web browsers and web servers:
request-response
77
An blank is a message sent from the web browser to the web server. Often the blank asks the web server to send back a web resource like an HTML file, image, CSS style sheet, JavaScript file, or video.
HTTP request
78
An blank is a message sent from the web server back to the web browser in blank to an HTTP request. Often the blank contains the requested web resource.
HTTP response
79
The browser performs a DNS lookup so the browser can establish a blank with the web server.
TCP connection
80
An HTTP request and an HTTP response are both composed of what four parts:
Start line
Zero or more header fields
A blank line
Optional message body
81
The blank specifies the HTTP version being used. A request's blank includes a request type and path; a response's blank includes a status code and phrase.
start line
82
A blank is a keyword followed by a colon and a value. Blank supply additional information about the request or response.
header field
83
A blank contains data being transferred between a web browser and web server. In a request, the blank may be empty or contain submitted form data. In a response, the blank may contain the requested resource.
message body
84
The web browser uses the blank to determine how much data to expect from the web server.
content length
85
Common blank: text/css, image/jpeg, application/pdf, video/quicktime
media types
86
Blank values in HTTP headers are represented in Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), which is equal to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
Datetime
87
Some websites are hosted at the same IP address, so the blank helps the web server determine which website's resource is being requested.
Host field
88
Browsers often identify themselves using a unique string of characters. The blank field may be used by a web server to respond back with different resources depending on which browser made the request. Ex: A desktop page may be sent back to a desktop Chrome browser, but a mobile webpage may be sent back to an iPhone browser.
User-Agent
89
The blank is a standards organization that manages various internet numbers and symbols, like global IP address allocation, root zone management in DNS, and media types. IANA maintains a list of HTTP headers that are currently active, obsolete, or experimental.
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
90
All popular web browsers contain built-in blank. Developers can access Chrome's blank (DevTools) by pressing Ctrl+Shift+I (Windows) or Command-Option-I (Mac).
developer tools
91
The most common HTTP request-response scenario is when the web browser issues a request with the GET request method, and the web server returns the requested resource with a blank status code.
200
92
An blank indicates the desired action to perform on a resource. Other request methods besides GET may also be sent in an HTTP request. Ex: POST is often used when the web browser is sending information from a web form to the web server. The POST, PUT, and DELETE request methods are used by web services that allow new resources to be created, modified, and deleted on the web server.
HTTP request method
93
Request a representation of the specified resource.
GET
94
Request a response identical to GET but without the response body.
HEAD
95
Request the web server to accept the message body enclosed in the request as a new resource.
POST
96
Request the web server to accept the message body enclosed in the request as a modification of an existing resource.
PUT
97
Request the web server to delete the existing resource.
DELETE
98
An blank is a three digit number that indicates the status of the requested resource.
HTTP response status code
99
A blank is when the web server returns a 301 or 302 status code with a Location header indicating the URL the browser should load next.
browser redirect
100
OK Standard response for a successful request.
200
101
Moved Permanently The resource should always be requested at a different URL.
301
102
Found The resource should temporarily be requested at a different URL.
302
103
Not Modified The resource has not been modified since the last time the resource was requested.
304
104
Forbidden The web browser does not have permission to access the resource.
403
105
Not Found The resource could not be located.
404
106
Internal Server Error Something unexpected happened on the web server.
500
107
Blank is a technique to create shorter URLs that redirect to longer URLs.
URL shortening
108
When a user types or clicks on a short URL, the URL shortening service responds with a blank status code and a Location header with the webpage's full URL.
301
109
Most web browsers use a blank to store requested content.
browser cache
110
A blank is an area on the computer's disk where web content can be stored by the web browser for quick retrieval later.
browser cache
111
Web browsers often use blank to aid in caching web resources.
ETags
112
An blank is an identifier for a specific version of a web resource. Ex: 34905a3e285dd11.
entity tag (ETag)
113
When a web browser requests a cached web resource, the browser sends the ETag in the request with an blank header
If-None-Match
114
Blank is used with the Last-Modified date/time to request the web server only send the requested resource if the resource has changed since the specified date/time. Ex: "Blank: Wed, 01 Sep 2019 13:24:52 GMT" asks the web server to send the resource if the resource was modified after Sep 1, 2019 at 13:24:52 GMT.
If-Modified-Since
115
Blank contains a date/time indicating when the requested resource is considered "stale". Ex: "Blank: Wed, 01 Sep 2019 13:24:52 GMT" tells the web browser to show the cached resource until Sep 1, 2019 at 13:24:52 GMT.
Expires
116
Blank is used to specify a number of caching directives. Ex: "Blank: no-store" tells the web browser to never cache the requested resource, and "Cache-Control: max-age=180" tells the browser to cache the resource for 180 seconds.
Cache-Control
117
All HTTP traffic can be viewed by third parties using a blank.
network sniffer
118
A blank is software that monitors network traffic and allows users to inspect HTTP requests and responses
network sniffer
119
Blank encrypts HTTP traffic between a browser and web server so a network sniffer cannot intercept sensitive information in the HTTP traffic like passwords, credit card numbers, financial transactions, etc.
HTTPS
120
HTTPS uses a protocol called blank, which uses asymmetric public keys to encrypt data between the browser and web server.
Transport Layer Security (TLS),
121
A website wanting to use HTTPS must acquire a blank, issued by a trusted certificate authority, that contains a blank used by TLS to encrypt data.
digital certificate
public key
122
Blank is the use of artificial intelligence techniques and access to vast amounts of data to simulate human problem solving in complex situations with ambiguity, changing data, and even conflicting information.
Cognitive computing
123
Blank is the design principle of breaking up web content using distinct languages and documents that overlap as little as possible. In modern web design, document structure and text, visual layout, and page interaction are separately specified using three key languages.
Separation of concerns
124
Blank is the ability of users with disabilities to access and use a webpage with reasonable effort. Designing accessible webpages ensures equal access and opportunity for everyone.
Web accessibility
125
Blank is a textual language for creating webpages.
HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
126
HTML files are usually saved with a blank file extension. Ex: index.html.
.html or .htm
127
An HTML file starts with an blank, then a blank with the page title and other page information, and finally a blank part with the actual page content.
indication of the document type
head part
body
128
An HTML document is constructed with blank.
elements
129
An blank is a single HTML structure that is represented with HTML tags
element
130
A blank has a descriptive name surrounded by < and > characters that the web browser uses to display content.
tag
131
Most HTML elements have an blank and blank
opening and closing tag
132
h1, h2, h3 are what?
headers
133
what is the tag for Paragraph
p
134
what is the tag for Emphasis, strong emphasis
em, strong
135
what is the tag for image?
img
136
what is the tag for link
a
137
A blank on a webpage is a clickable item that usually causes the web browser to open another webpage when clicked.
link
138
A link is created with an blank element
anchor
139
href
140
Blank is a textual language for describing how a webpage is styled for visual presentation.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)
141
Blank controls the look and layout of webpage content.
CSS
142
A blank specifies styling properties for specific HTML elements
CSS rule
143
CSS rules may be placed within blank tags in the HTML file's head part.