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Web Development Foundations > Introductions > Flashcards

Introductions Flashcards

1
Q

Computers of the 1940s and 1950s were mostly solitary machines, but in the blank computer networks evolved.

A

1960s

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2
Q

A computer blank allows computers to communicate information with each other.

A

network

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3
Q

The blank began as four networked computers in 1969 but is today the largest and most popular computer network spanning the entire globe.

A

Internet

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4
Q

blank was an early way for transferring files over the Internet.

A

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

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5
Q

Users used blank to connect to servers, look at listings of available documents, and download documents of interest.

A

FTP programs

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6
Q

n the early 1990s, blank was working at a Swiss research institute named CERN and developed a more convenient way for computers to communicate files over the Internet.

A

Tim Berners-Lee

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7
Q

Berners-Lee named his creation the blank, or simply “the web”.

A

World Wide Web

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8
Q

The web involved what three things

A

Text files, known as HTML files, containing links to other text files.

A program, known as a browser, for viewing HTML files.

A set of rules, known as the HTTP protocol, for transferring HTML files among computers.

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9
Q

Blamk is used to transfer files by logging into a computer with the files and typing commands to get the desired files.

A

FTP

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10
Q

Blank is a protocol for transferring HTML files among computers. Files can contain links to other files.

A

HTTP

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11
Q

A blank is a document that is viewed in a web browser.

A

webpage or web page

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12
Q

A collection of related webpages are organized into a blank.

A

website

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13
Q

A blank is a program that serves webpages to web browsers.

A

web server

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14
Q

Blank is the standard markup language for web documents.

A

HyperText markup language (HTML)

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15
Q

Blank is text that has links to other text (and today to images, videos, and more).

A

Hypertext

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16
Q

Document blank is special markings in the document that provide additional information about links, formatting, and images.

A

markup

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17
Q

HTML also permits adding blank like search engine keywords, author information, and language.

A

metadata

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18
Q

1945: Engineer Vannevar Bush writes the essay “As We May Think” that describes blank, a theoretical machine for building and following links between documents.

A

Memex

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19
Q

1965: blank coins the term HyperText in a paper on how to deal with information that was complex, changing, and uncertain.

A

Ted Nelson

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20
Q

1968: blank demonstrates an implementation of hyperlinks with a mouse in the oN-Line System (NLS).

A

Doug Engelbart

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21
Q

1987: Apple releases blank, software for the Macintosh that enables programming hypertext applications.

A

HyperCard

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22
Q

Blank is a program for viewing webpages.

A

browser

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23
Q

What is the difference between the internet and the web?

A

the Internet (the interconnection of computers communicating using a set of rules), and the web (which is just one particular use of the Internet)

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24
Q

When was the first website published?

A

1991

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25
Q

When was Yahoo created?

A

1994

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26
Q

How many websites existed in 2001?

A

30 million

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27
Q

How many websites existed in 2011?

A

350 million

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28
Q

In what year did the number of Internet users surpass 3 billion?

A

2015

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29
Q

A blank is a program that downloads an HTML document from a web server, displays the document to the user with the appropriate formatting, and allows the user to interact with the document, such as clicking hyperlinks to access other documents.

A

web browser

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30
Q

A web browser uses blank to understand the structure and semantics, or meaning, of the document.

A

HTML

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31
Q

The frequent webpage and browser incompatibility headaches pushed the industry to value standardization. The blank is the international standards organization that traditionally has controlled a number of web standards, including HTML.

A

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

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32
Q

Blank was the latest HTML standard released by the W3C in 2014.

A

HTML5

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33
Q

In 2019, the W3C relinquished HTML standards publishing to the Web blank, an organization that develops a variety of web standards and whose members include the major browser vendors

A

Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG)

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34
Q

WHATWG produces the blank, a continually evolving standard without version numbers that replaces HTML5.

A

HTML Living Standard

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35
Q

A modern webpage is composed of blank, blank and blank.

A

HTML, CSS, and JavaScript

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36
Q

Blank defines the structure and content of a webpage

A

HTML

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37
Q

Blank specifies the layout and visible appearance.

A

CSS

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38
Q

Blank describes the dynamic behaviors and actions of a webpage.

A

JavaScript

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39
Q

A computer communicates with another computer on the Internet by sending blank back and forth.

A

packets

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40
Q

An Internet packet contains blank, blank and blank

A

To and From IP addresses, the information to communicate, and other configuration information.

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41
Q

An blank is a computer’s unique address on the Internet (like a house’s unique address in the world), usually represented numerically like 198.51.100.7.

A

IP address (short for Internet Protocol address)

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42
Q

A typical IP address is blank, divided into four 8-bit groups, each group often written as a decimal number.

A

32 bits

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43
Q

The smallest possible number in an IP address is blank, and the largest is blank.

A

0, 255

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44
Q

The original Internet Protocol, known as blank, has 32-bit addresses. 32 bits can represent 232 or about 4 billion unique addresses, originally believed to be more than enough, but 4 billion is no longer enough.

A

IPv4

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45
Q

A new version of the Internet Protocol, blank, uses 128-bit addresses, capable of representing 2128 addresses.

A

IPv6

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46
Q

A blank is a name for an IP address, such as the name wikipedia.org for the IP address 198.35.26.96; the name is easier to remember and type.

A

domain name

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47
Q

In a domain name, blank doesn’t matter

A

Capitalization

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48
Q

When a computer sends a packet using a domain name over the Internet, the first step is to contact a blank to convert the domain name to an IP address.

A

DNS server

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49
Q

DNS is short for blank.

A

Domain Name System

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50
Q

Thirteen main DNS servers (called blank) exist in the world, and a computer’s operating system or an ISP keeps a reference to the blanks’ IP addresses.

A

root servers

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51
Q

Anyone may register an unused domain name with a blank.

A

domain name registrar

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52
Q

Domain names are blank

A

hierarchical

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53
Q

A domain name belongs to one of numerous blank, such as .com, .net, .org, .edu, and .gov.

A

top-level domains (TLD)

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54
Q

Each country is assigned a unique two-letter country code blank (ccTLD) like .uk (United Kingdom), .ru (Russia), and .de (Germany).

A

top-level domain

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55
Q

Blank, the organization that manages TLDs, now allows companies and organizations to create customized TLDs, like .church, .pizza, and .music.

A

ICANN

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56
Q

Immediately after a top-level domain comes a blank, such as wikipedia in wikipedia.org.

A

second-level domain

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57
Q

The most popular TLD is blank for companies.
Next most popular is blank. Typically for networking/internet-focused companies.
Next is blank, traditionally for non-profit organizations.

A

.com
.net
.org

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58
Q

A blank is commonly an organization’s name as in Stanford.edu, or indicates the purpose of a website as in DoPython.org.

A

second-level domain

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59
Q

Third-level and further level domains refer to blank, as in cs.stanford.edu where the cs is for Stanford’s Computer Science department. A common third-or-deeper-level domain is www, short for World Wide Web, usually referring to an organization’s web server. Many organizations use www optionally, so stanford.edu by default goes to www.stanford.edu.

A

sub-computer systems local to an organization

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60
Q

Domain names are most commonly seen in blank.

A

URLs

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61
Q

A blank is the location of a web resource on the web, such as http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm.

A

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

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62
Q

A blank is any retrievable item, like an HTML file, image, video, CSS stylesheet, etc.

A

web resource

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63
Q

A URL is composed of what 5 parts

A

Scheme
Hostname
Path
Query string
Fragment

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64
Q

Blank is characters at the beginning of a URL followed by a colon “:” or a colon and double slashes “://”. Common include http, https, mailto, and file. Ex: In https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol, the scheme is “https”.

A

Scheme

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65
Q

Blank is the complete domain name following the scheme in a URL. Ex: In https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol, the blank is “www.cdc.gov”.

A

Hostname

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66
Q

Blank is the characters to the right of the hostname in a URL. Ex: In https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol, the blank is “/alcohol”.

A

path

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67
Q

Blank is optional characters to the right of the question mark (?) in a URL that provide data for the web server. In https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uu7XCEMdSHg, the characters after the ? tells YouTube’s server to play a video having code uu7XCEMdSHg.

A

Query string

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68
Q

Blank is optional characters at the end of a URL that start with a hash character (#) and refer to a certain location within a webpage. In https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL#History, the blank “#History” refers to the webpage’s History section.

A

Fragment

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69
Q

If a blank is not found by a DNS server (usually because the blank is not registered), a page is displayed indicating such, as in “Sorry, the website www.xyz.blahblahblah cannot be found.”

A

domain name

70
Q

A domain name may be found (so a valid IP address exists for that name) but the blank may not respond, resulting in a message like “The website is not responding” or “Could not reach the website”. Such non-response could be due to the blank being turned off or undergoing maintenance, or due to an essential router malfunctioning, for example

A

web server

71
Q

If a web server is reached but the specific requested page isn’t found, the server returns a blank status code, which is a code number for page not found. Various other status codes exist.

A

404

72
Q

Blank is the general name for a once valid link that now returns a 404 status code.

A

Linkrot

73
Q

The blank is a networking protocol that runs over TCP/IP and governs communication between web browsers and web servers.

A

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

74
Q

Blank is a protocol suite that governs how data packets are transferred over the Internet from one machine to another.

A

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

75
Q

HTTP/1.1 is the HTTP standard used for most of the web’s lifetime, but many websites are adopting blank, a relatively new HTTP standard that speeds-up the transfer of information between web browsers and web servers.

A

HTTP/2

76
Q

HTTP functions as a blank protocol between web browsers and web servers:

A

request-response

77
Q

An blank is a message sent from the web browser to the web server. Often the blank asks the web server to send back a web resource like an HTML file, image, CSS style sheet, JavaScript file, or video.

A

HTTP request

78
Q

An blank is a message sent from the web server back to the web browser in blank to an HTTP request. Often the blank contains the requested web resource.

A

HTTP response

79
Q

The browser performs a DNS lookup so the browser can establish a blank with the web server.

A

TCP connection

80
Q

An HTTP request and an HTTP response are both composed of what four parts:

A

Start line

Zero or more header fields

A blank line

Optional message body

81
Q

The blank specifies the HTTP version being used. A request’s blank includes a request type and path; a response’s blank includes a status code and phrase.

A

start line

82
Q

A blank is a keyword followed by a colon and a value. Blank supply additional information about the request or response.

A

header field

83
Q

A blank contains data being transferred between a web browser and web server. In a request, the blank may be empty or contain submitted form data. In a response, the blank may contain the requested resource.

A

message body

84
Q

The web browser uses the blank to determine how much data to expect from the web server.

A

content length

85
Q

Common blank: text/css, image/jpeg, application/pdf, video/quicktime

A

media types

86
Q

Blank values in HTTP headers are represented in Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), which is equal to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

A

Datetime

87
Q

Some websites are hosted at the same IP address, so the blank helps the web server determine which website’s resource is being requested.

A

Host field

88
Q

Browsers often identify themselves using a unique string of characters. The blank field may be used by a web server to respond back with different resources depending on which browser made the request. Ex: A desktop page may be sent back to a desktop Chrome browser, but a mobile webpage may be sent back to an iPhone browser.

A

User-Agent

89
Q

The blank is a standards organization that manages various internet numbers and symbols, like global IP address allocation, root zone management in DNS, and media types. IANA maintains a list of HTTP headers that are currently active, obsolete, or experimental.

A

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

90
Q

All popular web browsers contain built-in blank. Developers can access Chrome’s blank (DevTools) by pressing Ctrl+Shift+I (Windows) or Command-Option-I (Mac).

A

developer tools

91
Q

The most common HTTP request-response scenario is when the web browser issues a request with the GET request method, and the web server returns the requested resource with a blank status code.

A

200

92
Q

An blank indicates the desired action to perform on a resource. Other request methods besides GET may also be sent in an HTTP request. Ex: POST is often used when the web browser is sending information from a web form to the web server. The POST, PUT, and DELETE request methods are used by web services that allow new resources to be created, modified, and deleted on the web server.

A

HTTP request method

93
Q

Request a representation of the specified resource.

A

GET

94
Q

Request a response identical to GET but without the response body.

A

HEAD

95
Q

Request the web server to accept the message body enclosed in the request as a new resource.

A

POST

96
Q

Request the web server to accept the message body enclosed in the request as a modification of an existing resource.

A

PUT

97
Q

Request the web server to delete the existing resource.

A

DELETE

98
Q

An blank is a three digit number that indicates the status of the requested resource.

A

HTTP response status code

99
Q

A blank is when the web server returns a 301 or 302 status code with a Location header indicating the URL the browser should load next.

A

browser redirect

100
Q

OK Standard response for a successful request.

A

200

101
Q

Moved Permanently The resource should always be requested at a different URL.

A

301

102
Q

Found The resource should temporarily be requested at a different URL.

A

302

103
Q

Not Modified The resource has not been modified since the last time the resource was requested.

A

304

104
Q

Forbidden The web browser does not have permission to access the resource.

A

403

105
Q

Not Found The resource could not be located.

A

404

106
Q

Internal Server Error Something unexpected happened on the web server.

A

500

107
Q

Blank is a technique to create shorter URLs that redirect to longer URLs.

A

URL shortening

108
Q

When a user types or clicks on a short URL, the URL shortening service responds with a blank status code and a Location header with the webpage’s full URL.

A

301

109
Q

Most web browsers use a blank to store requested content.

A

browser cache

110
Q

A blank is an area on the computer’s disk where web content can be stored by the web browser for quick retrieval later.

A

browser cache

111
Q

Web browsers often use blank to aid in caching web resources.

A

ETags

112
Q

An blank is an identifier for a specific version of a web resource. Ex: 34905a3e285dd11.

A

entity tag (ETag)

113
Q

When a web browser requests a cached web resource, the browser sends the ETag in the request with an blank header

A

If-None-Match

114
Q

Blank is used with the Last-Modified date/time to request the web server only send the requested resource if the resource has changed since the specified date/time. Ex: “Blank: Wed, 01 Sep 2019 13:24:52 GMT” asks the web server to send the resource if the resource was modified after Sep 1, 2019 at 13:24:52 GMT.

A

If-Modified-Since

115
Q

Blank contains a date/time indicating when the requested resource is considered “stale”. Ex: “Blank: Wed, 01 Sep 2019 13:24:52 GMT” tells the web browser to show the cached resource until Sep 1, 2019 at 13:24:52 GMT.

A

Expires

116
Q

Blank is used to specify a number of caching directives. Ex: “Blank: no-store” tells the web browser to never cache the requested resource, and “Cache-Control: max-age=180” tells the browser to cache the resource for 180 seconds.

A

Cache-Control

117
Q

All HTTP traffic can be viewed by third parties using a blank.

A

network sniffer

118
Q

A blank is software that monitors network traffic and allows users to inspect HTTP requests and responses

A

network sniffer

119
Q

Blank encrypts HTTP traffic between a browser and web server so a network sniffer cannot intercept sensitive information in the HTTP traffic like passwords, credit card numbers, financial transactions, etc.

A

HTTPS

120
Q

HTTPS uses a protocol called blank, which uses asymmetric public keys to encrypt data between the browser and web server.

A

Transport Layer Security (TLS),

121
Q

A website wanting to use HTTPS must acquire a blank, issued by a trusted certificate authority, that contains a blank used by TLS to encrypt data.

A

digital certificate
public key

122
Q

Blank is the use of artificial intelligence techniques and access to vast amounts of data to simulate human problem solving in complex situations with ambiguity, changing data, and even conflicting information.

A

Cognitive computing

123
Q

Blank is the design principle of breaking up web content using distinct languages and documents that overlap as little as possible. In modern web design, document structure and text, visual layout, and page interaction are separately specified using three key languages.

A

Separation of concerns

124
Q

Blank is the ability of users with disabilities to access and use a webpage with reasonable effort. Designing accessible webpages ensures equal access and opportunity for everyone.

A

Web accessibility

125
Q

Blank is a textual language for creating webpages.

A

HTML (HyperText Markup Language)

126
Q

HTML files are usually saved with a blank file extension. Ex: index.html.

A

.html or .htm

127
Q

An HTML file starts with an blank, then a blank with the page title and other page information, and finally a blank part with the actual page content.

A

indication of the document type
head part
body

128
Q

An HTML document is constructed with blank.

A

elements

129
Q

An blank is a single HTML structure that is represented with HTML tags

A

element

130
Q

A blank has a descriptive name surrounded by < and > characters that the web browser uses to display content.

A

tag

131
Q

Most HTML elements have an blank and blank

A

opening and closing tag

132
Q

h1, h2, h3 are what?

A

headers

133
Q

what is the tag for Paragraph

A

p

134
Q

what is the tag for Emphasis, strong emphasis

A

em, strong

135
Q

what is the tag for image?

A

img

136
Q

what is the tag for link

A

a

137
Q

A blank on a webpage is a clickable item that usually causes the web browser to open another webpage when clicked.

A

link

138
Q

A link is created with an blank element

A

anchor

139
Q

The opening <a> tag uses the blank attribute to specify the link’s URL target. The link text comes next and is followed by the closing </a> tag.

A

href

140
Q

Blank is a textual language for describing how a webpage is styled for visual presentation.

A

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

141
Q

Blank controls the look and layout of webpage content.

A

CSS

142
Q

A blank specifies styling properties for specific HTML elements

A

CSS rule

143
Q

CSS rules may be placed within blank tags in the HTML file’s head part.

A

<style>

</style>















144










Q













what is the css code for Element’s background color


















A













background-color















145










Q













what is the css code for Element’s font color


















A













color















146










Q













what is the css code for Element’s 	Font used for the text.


















A













font-family















147










Q













what is the css code for Element’s Font size used for the element’s text.


















A













font-size















148










Q













what is the css code for Element’s Spacing between element’s content and border.


















A













padding















149










Q













what is the css code for Element’s Spacing around element (outside element’s border).


















A













margin















150










Q













A blank can be a pre-defined name like blue, or an rgb value like rgb(50, 100, 255)


















A













CSS color















151










Q













blank is short for red, green, blue; all colors can be formed by combining those three colors.


















A













rgb















152










Q













colors values range from blank to blank


















A













0 (none) to 255 (bright)















153










Q













blank is a programming language that runs in a browser, enabling webpages supporting actions like responding to a button click.


















A













JavaScript















154










Q













JavaScript can be included in the HTML file’s blank or blank.


















A













head or body parts















155










Q













An blank identifies an HTML element so JavaScript can manipulate the element.


















A













id attribute















156










Q













A blank stores a value or a link to an element of a webpage. Ex: whiteBtn stores the element with id=”white-btn”.


















A













variable















157










Q













A blank is a named group of statements that can be executed by referring to that name.


















A













JavaScript function















158










Q













JavaScript programs are thus commonly placed in a separate file, typically ending in blank, and linked to in an HTML file’s head part.


















A













.js















159










Q













blank is a statistical programming language used to conduct data analytics, data science, and statistical work.


















A













R















160










Q













As an open-source programming language, blank relies on a network of developers to create libraries and packages with specific functionalities that extend the basic capabilities of the language.


















A













R















161










Q













Blank, as you will see, is a method to create web pages quickly to display the results of analysis conducted in R.


















A













R Shiny















162










Q













In addition to displaying static data, blank can also be used to develop interactive web apps, which make it possible for users to tell a compelling story with data and allow viewers of the web pages that are created to manipulate their views of the data to derive further insights.


















A













R Shiny















163










Q













R is in some sense a re‐implementation of  blank – a programming language written in 1976 by John Chambers at Bell Labs – with added lexical scoping semantics. Usually, code written in blank will also run in R.


















A













S















164










Q













In 1992, the blank was started by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. The first version was available in 1995, and the first stable version was available in 2000.


















A













R‐project















165










Q













the blank (of which Chambers is a member) develops R further and maintains the code.


















A













R Development Core Team















166










Q













Microsoft has embraced the project for a few years and provides blank. This package is also free, and an open source software (FOSS) has some advantages over standard R, such as enhanced performance (Ex. multi‐thread support, the checkpoint package that makes results more reproducible).


















A













MRAN (Microsoft R Application Network)















167










Q













Essentially, R is …blank and blank


















A















a programming language built for statistical analysis, graphics representation, and reporting;


an interpreted computer language that allows branching, looping, modular programming, as well as object and functional oriented programming features.

















168










Q















R offers its users …


integration with the procedures written in the blank, blank, blank, blank or blank languages for efficiency;




















A













C, C++, .Net, Python, or FORTRAN















169










Q













R offers its users …blank purchase cost (available under the GNU General Public License), and pre‐compiled binary versions are provided for various operating systems like Linux, Windows, and Mac;


















A













zero















170










Q













blank is arguably the most widely used statistics programming language and is used from universities to business applications, while it still gains rapidly in popularity.


















A













R






























Web Development Foundations (6 decks)


























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